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ALL  ABOUT 

COK)E&DO 


THOMAS  TONGE 

The  Author  of  This  Book 


TESTIMONIALS 


Mr.  Tonge  received  the  following  letters  from  eminent  author- 
ities after  they  had  read  the  manuscript  of  the  book : 

From  President  Victor  A.  Alderson,  Colorado  School  of 
Mines,  Golden : 

"Your  book  contains  the  maximum  amount  of  authentic  information 
on  Colorado,  concisely  and  interestingly  presented  and  is,  therefore,  the 
very  best  advertising  medium  that  Colorado  people  can  send  to  their 
friends  in  other  States.  The  enterprising  people  of  Colorado  should  be 
congratulated  upon  having  such  a  useful  and  timely  book  at  their  dis- 
posal when  they  are  engaged  in  developing  the  resources  of  the  State." 

From  President  Charles  A.  Lory,  State  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, Fort  Collins : 

"I  have  just  read  the  MS  of  your  book,  giving  special  attention  to 
your  statements  on  Colorado  Agriculture. 

"I  congratulate  you  on  the  clearness,  accuracy  and  forcefulness  of 
your  statements.  These  can  be  accepted  by  your  readers  without  hesita- 
tion as  true  to  facts. 

"Your  book  should  be  in  every  School  Library  in  Colorado  for  use 
as  a  Text  and  Reference  Book  on  Colorado  resources.  It  will  prove  a* 
safe  and  helpful  guide  for  the  home-seeker,  the  tourist,  the  investor  and 
the  health-seeker." 

From  Mr.  Chalmers  Hadley,  Librarian,  Public  Library  of 
the  City  of  Denver: 

"Please  enter  the  Denver  Public  Library  for  twelve  copies  of  your 
new  book  on  Colorado's  resources.  J  know  of  no  other  publication  that 
can  approach  it  in  scope  and  authority.  It  provides  information  and  pro- 
tection to  prospective  investors  and  should  prove  a  revelation  to  all  who 
are  uninformed  regarding  the  possibilities  of  this  State." 

From  Mr.  George  T.  Wells  (Denver  National  Bank),  repre- 
sentative of  the  State  Bankers'  Association  in  the  "Greater  Colo- 
rado" movement  of  the  Denver  Chamber  of  Commerce : 

"Having  read  the  MS  of  your  new  book,  I  have  no  hesitation  in 
saying  that  every  business  and  professional  man  in  Colorado  ought  to 
have  a  copy  on  his  desk  as  a  Reference  Book.  Any  one  desiring  informa- 
tion about  Colorado,  or  contemplating  coming  here,  should  have  a  copy 
of  it.  It  is  absolutely  fair,  authoritative  and  concise,  thoroughly  covering 
the  field." 


All  About  Colorado 


for 

Home-Seekers, 
Tourists, 
Investors, 
Health-Seekers 


Written  and  Compiled  by  THOMAS  TONGE 
From  Latest  Official  Reports 


"A  good  land;  a  land  of  sunshine;  a  land  of  brooks  of  water, 
of  fountains  and  depths  that  spring  out  of  valleys  and  hills;  a 
land  of  wheat,  and  barley,  and  alfalfa,  and  sugar  beets,  and 
fruit;  a  land  of  herds  and  flocks;  a  land  wherein  thou  shalt  eat 
bread  without  scarceness,  thou  shalt  not  lack  anything  in  it;  a 
land  whose  bowels  are  coal  and  oil;  and  out  of  whose  hills  thou 
mayest  dig  money." — Deuteronomy  VIII,  7-9.     (Adapted.) 


Copyiighi,  10,13,  Thomas  Ton^t 


Published  by 
Thomas  Tonge,  408  Boston  Building,  Denver 


Press  of  The  Smith-Brooks  Printing  Co.,  Denver 


f'l 


PREFACE 


The  object  of  this  hook  is  to  furnish  reliable  and  authentic 
information  for: 

(1)  Home-seekers  (farmers,  etc.)  now  residing  in  other 
States  and  countries,  that  they  may,  with  great  future  satis 
faction  to  themselves,   make  their  homes  in  Colorado. 

<  2 1  Tourists  from  other  States  and  countries,  that  they 
may,  to  their  own  great  enjoyment,  spend  their  vacations  among 
the  exceptional  scenic  attractions  of  Colorado. 

(3)  Investors,  resident  in  other  States  and  countries,  that 
they  may  realize  and  take  advantage  of  the  many  opportunities 
in  Colorado  for  the  intelligent,  conservative  and  profitable  invest- 
ment of  capital. 

(4)  Health-seekers  from  other  States  and  countries,  that 
they  may  benefit  by  the  famous  health-giving  climate  of  Colorado. 

It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  writer  to  avoid  exaggeration. 
The  plain,  simple  facts  as  to  Colorado,  as  demonstrated  by  official 
statistics  and  the  testimony  of  eminent  and  conservative  authori- 
ties, are  the  greatest  and  most  effective  advertisement  that  Colo- 
rado can  have,  whereas  statements  which  have  to  be  mentally 
discounted  by  the  intelligent  and  conservative  reader  have  a 
tendency  to  cast  doubt  on  the  actual  pre-eminence  of  Colorado 
in  manv  lines. 


265853 


Colorado  State  Capitol— Built  of  Colorado  Granite 


Colorado  for  Home-Seekers 

Colorado  Needs  and  Presents  Ample  Opportunities 

for  More  People — if  of  the  Right  Kind;  that 

is,  Assets — Not  Liabilities 


COLORADO  AND  SWITZERLAND  COMPARED 

Area — • 

Colorado  has  103,658  square  miles;  Switzerland  has  15,981 
square  miles;  that  is,  less  than  one-seventh  the  area  of  Colorado. 

Population — 

Colorado  (U.  S.  Census  1910)  has  a  population  of  799,024, 
or  7.7  persons  per  square  mile. 

Switzerland  has  a  population  of  3,741,971,  or  about  234  per 
sons  per  square  mile. 

Colorado  has  more  varied  and  greater  natural  resources  than 
Switzerland,  on  which  to  amply  maintain  a  population  of  234 
persons  per  square  mile. 

If  Colorado  had  234  persons  per  square  mile,  the  population 
of  Colorado  would  be  over  24,000,000. 

Location  of  Population — 

In  Colorado,  nearly  one-third  of  the  population  is  in  Denver, 
fully  one-third  live  in  smaller  cities  and  towns,  leaving  only 
about  one-third  in  the  rural  districts.  The  mountainous  districts 
outside  the  mining  towns  are  very  sparsely  populated. 

In  Switzerland,  the  population  is  mainly  rural,  only  six 
cities  having  a  population  exceeding  50,000.  The  Alpine  region 
is  sparsely  populated  and  the  valley  districts  correspondingly 
densely  populated. 

Productiveness — 

Colorado  (103,658  square  miles)  is  practically  wholly  "pro- 
ductive;" i.  e.,  in  the  valleys  and  on  the  plains — agriculture, 
horticulture  and  pasture,  coal,  oil,  clay,  etc. ;  in  the  mountains — 
metalliferous  mining,  quarrying,  forests  and  pasture. 

In  the  mountain  valleys  of  Colorado  there  is  at  least  twice 
as  much  tillable  land  as  the  entire  area  of  Switzerland. 


I 


Between  the  altitudes  of  3,500  and  6,000  feet  Colorado  has 
\;;1m\  am!  plaint  laud  equal  to  about  three  times  the  entire  area 
*of  Switzerland;  and  with  a  better  climate  for  farming,  etc. 

Of  the  area  of  Switzerland  (15,981  square  miles)  11,443 
square  miles  (including  3,032  square  miles  of  forests)  are  classed 
as  "productive,"  and  4,53.8  square  miles — i.  e.,  nearly  one-fourth 
of  the  whole  country — as  "unproductive,"  consisting  of  rocks, 
moraine,  glaciers,  etc. 

WONDERFUL  AGRICULTURAL  PROGRESS  1000-1910 
The  1910  U.  S.  Census  Report  states : 

Of  the  approximate  land  area  of  Colorado  (66,341,120  acres) 
13,532,113  acres  were  in  farms,  as  compared  with  9,474,588  acres 
in  1900 — an  increase  of  42.8  per  cent ! ! ! 

The  improved  land  in  Colorado  farms  was  4,302,101  acres, 
as  compared  with  2,273,968  acres  in  1900 — an  increase  of  89.2 
per  cent!!! 

The  number  of  Colorado  farms  was  46,170,  as  compared  with 
24,700  in  1900— an  increase  of  86.9  per  cent!!! 

The  average  acreage  per  farm  was  293.1  acres,  as  compared 
with  383.6  acres  in  1900— a  decrease  of  23.6  per  cent!!! 

NOTE. — Ranges  or  ranches  using  the  public  domain  for  grazing 
purposes,  but  not  owning  or  leasing  the  land,  were  counted  as  farms 
in  1910  and  1900.  The  counting  of  these  ranges  as  farms  affects  all 
totals,  averages  and  percentages  in  which  the  number  of  farms  is  a  factor. 
In  1910  there  were  157  such  ranges  included  as  farms. 

The  value  of  all  Colorado  farm  property  was  |491,471,806, 
as  compared  with  $161,045,101  in  1900 — an  increase  of  205.2  per 
cent;  the  detailed  increases  being:     land,  301.6  per  cent;  build 
ings,  185.6  per  cent;  implements  and  machinery,  169.5  per  cent; 
domestic  animals,  poultry  and  bees,  40.5  per  cent. 

The  average  value  of  all  property  per  Colorado  farm  was 
#10,645,  as  compared  with  $6,520  in  1900— an  increase  of  63.3 
per  cent ! ! ! 

The  average  value  of  Colorado  land  per  acre  was  $26.81,  as 
compared  with  $9.54  in  1900 — an  increase  of  181  per  cent ! ! ! 

In  1910,  73.6  per  cent  of  Colorado  farms  were  free  from 
mortgage ! ! ! 

The  46,170  Colorado  farms  in  1910  were  classified  as  follows : 
Under  3  acres,  569;  3  to  9  acres,  2,222;  10  to  19  acres,  2,279; 
20  to  49  acres,  3,882;  50  to  99  acres,  4,384;  100  to  174  acres, 
16,355;  175  to  259  acres,  3,004;  260  to  499  acres,  9,472;  500  to 
999  acres,  2,426;  1,000  acres  and  over,  1,577. 

Of  the  46,170  Colorado  farmers  in  1910,  80.6  per  cent  were 
native  white,  18.2  per  cent  were  foreign-born  white,  and  1.2  per 
cent  were  negro  and  other  non- white. 

In  1910,  81.8  per  cent  of  Colorado  farms  were  operated  by 
owners  and  managers,  as  compared  with  77.4  per  cent  in  1900. 

8 


In  1910,  18.2  per  oent  of  Colorado  farms  wnr  operated  bv 
tenants,  as  compared  with  22.6  per  cent   in   1900. 

AGRICULTURE  WITH  IRRIGATION 

Colorado,  with  an  average  annual  precipitation  of  rain  and 
snow  of  only  about  15  inches  and  considerably  over  300  sunny 
days  per  annum,  was  long  regarded  as  too  dry  for  agriculture, 
except  in  the  alluvial  lands  close  to  the  streams,  and  irrigation 
was  therefore  introduced  for  the  utilization  of  the  naturally  rich 
soil  at  higher  levels  than  the  "bottom"  alluvial  lands. 

Wonderful  I  >evelopm  ent — 

The  1910  U.  S.  Census  Report  gives  the  following  particulars 
as  to  irrigation  in  Colorado: 

The  irrigated  area  of  Colorado  in  1!)0(.)  was  the  largest  re- 
ported for  any  of  the  States  in  the  semi-arid  region. 


! 

*  •  i 

Headgate  of  an  Irrigating  Ditch 

Of  The  46,170  farms  in  Colorado  on  15th  April.  1910,  25,857 
were  irrigated  in  1(.M)!>.  as  compared  with  17,013  in  1900 — an  in- 
crease of  46.8  per  cent!!! 

In  1909,  2,792,032  acres  were  irrigated,  as  compared  with 
1,611,271  in  1900— an  increase  of  73.3  per  cent!!! 

Of  the  2,792,032  acres  irrigated,  2,758,283  were  irrigated  from 
streams.  16,091  acres  from  reservoirs,  8,320  acres  from  springs, 
8,282  acres  from  wells,  and  1,056  acres  from  lakes. 

Number  of  independent  irrigation  enterprises 9,065 

Ditches,  total  length — miles  22,570 

Main  ditches — number    8,40.") 

Length — miles   17,564 

Capacity — cubic   feet   per   second    148,483 

Lateral   ditches — number    5,612 

Length — miles  5,006 


Reservoirs — number    1,084 

Capacity — acre-feet    2,646,593 

Pumped  wells — number   [ .  .  121 

Capacity — gallons  per  minute 53,564 

Pumping  plants — number   206 

Engine  capacity — horse-power    7,969 

Pump  capacity — gallons  per  minute  296,937 

There  have  been  marked  increases  in  some  of  the  above  items 
since  1910. 

The  cost  of  the  irrigation  enterprises  existing  in  1910  was 
156,636,443,  as  compared  with  $11,758,703,  the  cost  of  those 
existing  in  1900 — an  increase  of  381.7  per  cent!!! 

The  estimated  final  cost  of  the  irrigation  enterprises  existing 
in  1910  was  $76,443,239,  some  of  which  has  since  been  expended. 


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Irrigating-  320  Acres  from  One  Well.    Pump  Driven  by  40-H.  P. 
Westinghouse  Motor 

The  average  cost  of  operation  and  maintenance  per  acre  in 
1910  was  75  cents,  as  compared  with  34  cents  in  1900 — an  increase 
of  120.6  per  cent. 

The  Irrigated  Portions  of  Colorado — 

The  1910  U.  S.  Census  Keport  contains  the  following  in- 
formation as  to  various  counties : 

Per  Cent  of  Total  Land  Area  Irrigated — 

15  per  cent  and  over — Boulder,  Conejos,  Rio  Grande,  Weld. 

10  to  15  per  cent — Jackson,  Jefferson,  Larimer,  Morgan. 

5  to  10  per  cent — Adams,  Bent,  Costilla,  Custer,  Delta,  Logan, 
Otero,  Prowers,  Saguache,  Sedgwick. 

1  to  5  per  cent — Arapahoe,  Archuleta,  Chaffee,  Douglas, 
Eagle,  El  Paso,  Fremont,  Garfield,  Grand,  Gunnison,  Huerfano, 

10 


Lake,  La  Plata,  Mesa,  Mineral,  Montezuma,  Montrose,  Ouray, 
Park,  Pitkin,  Pueblo,  Rio  Blanco,  Routt,  San  Miguel,  Summit, 
Teller. 

Less  than  1  per  cent — Baca,  Cheyenne,  Dolores,  Elbert, 
Hinsdale,  Kiowa,  Kit  Carson,  Las  Animas,  Lincoln,  Washington, 
Yuma. 

No  irrigation — Clear  Creek,  Phillips,  San  Juan. 

Per  Cent  of  Number  of  Farms  Irrigated — 

90  per  cent  and  over — Boulder,  Chaffee,  Conejos,  Costilla, 
Delta,  Dolores,  Fremont,  Grand,  Gunnison,  Hinsdale,  Jackson, 
Jefferson,  Mesa,  Montrose,  Ouray,  Pitkin,  Rio  Grande,  Saguache, 
Summit. 


Wheat  Field  (Irrigated).    Altitude,  6,200  Feet 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  Midland  Railway 

75  to  90  per  cent— Bent,  Eagle,  Garfield,  Huerfano,  Lake, 
Larimer,  La  Plata,  Mineral,  Otero,  Park. 

50   to   75   per  cent — Adams,   Arapahoe,   Archuleta,   Custer, 
Montezuma,  Morgan,  Prowers,  Pueblo,  Routt,  Weld. 

25  to  50  per  cent — Douglas,  Las  Animas,  Sedgwick. 

5  to  25  per  cent — El  Paso,  Logan,  Teller. 

Less  than  5  per  cent — Baca,  Cheyenne,  Elbert,  Kiowa,  Kit 
Carson,  Lincoln,  Washington,  Yuma. 

No  irrigation — Clear  Creek,  Phillips,  San  Juan. 

11 


ADVANTAGES  OF  IRRIGATION 

Some  of  the  advantages  of  irrigation  are  as  follows: 

(1)  Security  against  drought. 

(2)  Ability  to  apply  water  when  needed  and  in  amount  de- 
sired, said  amount  being  important  with  certain  crops  and  on 
particular  soils. 

(3)  In  many  instances  occasionally,  and  in  some  sections 
constantly,  irrigating  water  is  a  great  fertilizer. 

(4)  Insufficient  rainfall  remedied  by  irrigation  is  an  immense 
advantage  to  farmers  in  harvesting  grain  and  hay.  For  instance, 
the  water  needed  on  corn,  roots,  etc.,  can  be  applied  by  irrigation, 
wliereas,  if  it  was  supplied  by  rain,  much  loss  would  result  to  the 
other  crops  then  being  harvested. 

(5)  The  average  increased  returns  resulting  from  applied 
irrigation,  as  compared  with  agriculture  dependent  on  rainfall, 
far  more  than  justify  the  initial  and  operating  costs  of  irrigation. 

ITEMS  OX  IRRIGATION 

A  "water  right,"  so  far  as  the  owners  of  an  irrigating  canal 
are  concerned,  is  the  right  to  divert  water  for  irrigating  purposes 
from  a  public  stream.  Such  right  is  regulated  and  defined  by 
statute. 

A  " water  right,"  such  as. is  purchased  by  a  farmer,  is  the  right 
possessed,  in  connection  with  a  specific  tract  of  land,  for  the  sup- 
ply of  water  from  a  particular  canal.  Such  right  is  regulated 
by  the  contract  between  the  purchaser  and  the  owners  of  the  irri- 
gation canal. 

Irrigation  water,  when  flowing,  as  in  a  canal,  is  measured  by 
the  'Inch"  and  the  "cubic  foot  per  second."  When  standing,  as 
in  a  storage  reservoir,  it  is  measured  by  the  *'acre-foot." 

A  Colorado  statutory  "inch"  of  irrigating  water  is  the  quan- 
tity of  water  which  will  flow  through  an  inch  square  orifice,  under 
a  five-inch  head;  that  is,  when  the  water  above  the  wooden  gate 
containing  the  orifice  stands  five  inches  higher  than  the  center 
of  such  orifice. 

A  Colorado  statutory  "cubic  foot  per  second"  of  irrigating 
water  is  equal  to  38.4  statutory  "inches''  of  water  and  to  7.5 
gallons  passing  per  second. 

An  "acre-foot."  applied  to  measurement  of  water  in  reser- 
voirs, is  the  quantity  of  water  which  will  cover  one  acre  to  a 
depth  of  one  foot,  or  43.500  feet.  One  "cubic  foot  per  second," 
flowing  constantly  for  24  hours,  equals  approximately  two  "acre 
feet." 

In  the  early  days  of  irrigation  in  Colorado  an  "inch"  of 
water  was  considered  sufficient  for  an  acre;  in  some  cases  less. 
Now,  under  more  careful  use,  half  an  inch  is  considered  sufficient. 
At  the  present   time   a   "cubic   foot   per   second"   is   considered 

12 


sufficient  for  80  acres,  more  <>r  less,  depending  on  the  character 

of  the  soil,  the  kind  of  crop  and  the  extent  to  which  the  land  has 
previously  been  annually  cultivated. 

The  market  price  of  an  80-acre  "water  right"  ranges  from 
$25  to  $50  per  acre. 

The  State  Engineer  and  his  assistants  and  subordinates  con 
trol  the  distribution  of  the  waters  of  the  streams  among  the  irri- 
gating canals   and    The   individual    irrigators,   and   the  system    is 
simple. 

The  Office  of  State  Engineer  was  created  in  1879,  the  same 
Act  of  the  Legislature  dividing  the  State  into  Water  Districts, 
based  on  drainage  lines.  The  water  is  distributed  in  accordance 
with  Court  Decrees  as  to  appropriations  and  the  statutes  gov- 
erning the  practice,  which  absolutely  safeguard  the  rights  of  the 
water  consumer. 


Irrigating  160  Acres  of  Potatoes  from  IS-Foot  Well. 
Pump  Driven  by  15-H.  P.  Motor 
Courtesy  of  Westinghouse  Electric  &  Mfg.  Co. 

An  "acre-foot,"  in  addition  to  natural  rainfall,  ordinarily 
is  sufficient  to  mature  a  crop  on  one  acre. 

A  Colorado  statute  provides  that  all  irrigating  canals  must 
he  ready  to  deliver  water  to  their  consumers  on  15th  April  of  each 
year  and  up  to  15th  November  of  each  year.  This  is  really  a 
longer  period  than  the  irrigation  is  usually  practiced. 

The  irrigating  season  commences  from  the  latter  part  of  May 
to  June  10th.     Grain  irrigation  terminates  about  June  30th. 

Three  successive  irrigations,  to  a  combined  or  aggregate  depth 
of  4  inches  above  the  surface,  are  sufficient  for  grain  crops  and 
moisten  the  ground  to  a  depth  of  12  inches  by  actual  test. 

13 


Potato  irrigation  commences  about  the  last  week  in  July 
and  continues  during  August.  Potatoes  once  irrigated  are  kept 
moist  by  subsequent  irrigations  at  intervals  until  crop  matures. 

Irrigation  is  not  required  after  the  first  or  second  week  in 
September,  the  latest  crop  to  be  irrigated  being  alfalfa,  in  order 
to  mature  the  last  (third)  cutting. 

IRRIGATION  DISTRICTS 

Most  of  the  large  irrigating  systems  in  Colorado  were  origin- 
ally constructed  by  Irrigation  Companies,  organized  for  the  pur- 
pose, looking  for  their  income  to  the  water  rents  and  "royalties" 
to  be  paid  by  the  farmers  using  the  water. 


20-H.  P.  Plant  Pumping  from  Ditch  Through  2,200  Feet  of  14-Ineh  Iron  Pipe 
Courtesy  of  Westinghouse  Electric  &  Mfg.  Co. 

In  course  of  time  more  or  less  friction  developed  between  the 
water  users  and  the  Companies,  finally  resulting  in  The  Irriga- 
tion District  Act,  passed  by  the  Colorado  Legislature  in  1901, 
amended  in  1905. 

Wherever  the  Act  has  been  adopted,  the  water  users,  as  a 
municipal  corporation,  own  and  operate  the  local  irrigation  system. 

There  are  now  quite  a  number  of  such  Irrigation  Districts 
in  Colorado.  • 

(See  "Irrigation  Bonds.") 

IRRIGATION  BY  ELECTRICALLY  OPERATED  PUMPS 

In  Northern  Colorado,  within  the  range  of  electric  power  com- 
panies, pumping  irrigation  water  by  means  of  electrically  operated 
pumps  is  on  the  steady  increase  and  is  especially  important  in 
the  case  of  land  higher  than  any  local  "gravity  flow"  irrigation 
system. 

14 


The  following  particulars  of  five  cases,  differing  in  circum- 
stances (taken  from  among  thirty),  illustrate  the  system: 


Gallons 

Cost  of  Operation 

Acres 

Source  of 

Lift 

per 

Cost  of 

Per 

Per 

Irrigated 

Supply 

Feet 

Minute 

Installation 

Season 

Acre 

80 

Well    

...    42 

265 

$    714 

$300 

$3.75 

170 

Ditch    

,..57 

1,100 

$1,670 

$175 

$1.00 

120 

Ditch 

...22 

730 

$    845 

$  80 

$0.67 

320 

Ditch    

,..29 

5,625 

$3,050 

$300 

$0.94 

120 

Reservoir    . 

.  ..   14 

1,200 

$    510 

$  75 

$0.63 

AGRICULTURE  WITHOUT  IRRIGATION 

Agriculture  without  irrigation  in  Colorado  is  sometimes  mis- 
leadingly  termed  "Dry  Farming,"  which  is  a  misnomer,  as  the 
annual  precipitation  of  rain  and  snow  in  the  non-irrigable  dis- 
tricts is  sufficient  for  successful  farming  when  special  methods 
are  adopted. 

In  practically  all  those  agricultural  Counties  of  Colorado 
which  have  extensive  irrigation  systems,  there  are  considerable 
areas  of  land,  consisting  of  good  soil,  higher  than  the  level  of 
the  local  irrigating  systems,  and  therefore  non-irrigable  so  far  as 
such  systems  are  concerned. 

Vast  Non- Irrigable  Area — 

Eastern  Colorado  alone,  however,  is  here  taken  as  illustrat- 
ing the  point  dealt  with. 

Eliminating  the  Counties  of  Boulder,  Douglas,  Jefferson  and 
Larimer  as  containing  more  or  less  of  the  mountains  and  foot 
hills,  there  are  twenty  Counties  on  the  plains  of  Eastern  Colorado, 
lying  between  the  foot-hills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Kan- 
sas State  line.  In  some  cases  almost  the  whole,  and  in  other  cases 
very  large-  portions,  of  such  counties  are  non-irrigable  from  any 
stream. 

Such  Counties  are:  Adams,  Arapahoe,  Baca,  Cheyenne,  El- 
bert, El  Paso,  Kiowa,  Kit  Carson,  Las  Animas,  Lincoln,  Logan, 
Morgan,  Otero,  Phillips,  Prowers,  Pueblo,  Sedgwick,  Washington, 
Weld  and  Yuma. 

Irrespective  of  the  extensive  irrigated  areas  in  a  number  of 
such  Counties  (about  to  be  materially  increased  in  the  vicinity 
of  Denver),  it  is  conservatively  estimated  that  the  twenty  coun- 
ties contain  over  20,000  square  miles,  or  over  12,000,000  acres, 
mostly  fertile  land,  non-irrigable  from  any  stream,  therefore  de 
pendent  on  natural  precipitation,  supplemented  in  numerous  cases 
by  pumping  from  spring  wells  or  underground  waters. 

Only  a  minimum  of  this  vast  area  is  at  present  cultivated. 
With  effective,  successful  cultivation,  it  is  capable,  in  the  not  dis- 
tant future,  of  well  maintaining  a  population  (including  small 
local  towns)  of  at  least  20  persons  per  square  mile,  or  400,000 
people ;  with  corresponding  further  increase  as  cultivation  becomes 
more  intensive. 

15 


Much  of  this  land  is  covered  by  patents  issued  by  the  U.  S. 
Government,  originally  either  to  railroads  or  "entrymen."  Other 
land  is  still  part  of  the  public  domain  and  subject  to  "entry,'' 
but  most  of  the  best  land  has  already  been  taken  up. 

Mistakes  of  the  Past — 

Between  1886  and  1889  a  large  number  of  people  flocked  into 
Eastern  Colorado,  settling  on  the  non-irrigable  lands,  on  the  theory 
that  that  section  was  in  a  supposed  "rain  belt;"  i.  e.,  having  suf 
ficient  annual  precipitation  to  admit  of  the  raising  of  ordinary 
farm  crops  by  usual  farm  methods.  Many  of  such  people  were 
utterly  unsuited  to  farming,  even  under  ordinary  conditions,  and 
apparently  did  not  realize  the  abnormal  conditions  by  which  they 
were  confronted.  They  were  mainly  people  of  small  financial 
means,  attracted  by  the  cheapness  with  which  land  could  be  ob- 
tained by  "homesteading,"  etc. 

The  result  was  inevitable.  A  few  comparatively  "wet"  years 
were  followed  by  a  succession  of  "dry"  seasons;  the  crops  shriv- 
eled and  died;  farms  and  homes  were  abandoned  by  their  owners 
after  losing  practically  all  they  had  in  the  world ;  and  the  country 
largely  relapsed  into  grazing  land. 

The  remembrance  of  the  "rain  belt"  fiasco  of  the  late  "eighties" 
did  much  to  prejudice  many  persons  on  the  feasibility  of  success- 
fully and  profitably  cultivating  the  pon-irrigable  lands  of  th" 
plains  of  Eastern  Colorado. 

A  number  of  the  best  settlers  in  the  late  "eighties"  did  not 
leave,  but,  adapting  themselves  to  local  conditions,  have  success 
fully  farmed  for  periods  of  over  20  years,  and  successful  farming, 
using  live  stock  as  a  basis,  is  being  done  by  an  increasing  number 
of  people. 

Renewed  interest,  a  few  years  ago,  brought  into  Eastern  Colo 
rado,  among  others,  many  improvident  "set Hers"  (some  of  them 
"failures"  in  other  States)  without  capital  or  equipment,  some  of 
them  without  energy,  ignorant  of  soil  or  climatic  conditions,  with 
minimum  knowledge  of  how  to  prepare  the  soil  or  what  kind  of 
crops  to  raise. 

On  the  other  hand,  among  the  settlers  of  a  few  years  ago 
there  are  many  successful  farmers,  making  money  on  the  cheap 
lands,  without  irrigation,  and  obtaining  profitable  results,  even 
in  the  seasons  of  light  rainfall. 

The  Water  Available — 

There  being,  in  those  portions  of  Eastern  Colorado  remote 
from  the  Arkansas  and  Platte  Valleys,  no  permanent  streams  of 
any  size  from  which  to  obtain  irrigation  water,  the  amount  of 
precipitation  and  other  water  obtainable  are  all-important. 

Precipitation — 

The  average4  annual  precipitation,  in  inches,  for  periods  of 
live  years  or  more,  seven-tenths  of  which  occurs  in  six  months, 


April  to  September  inclusive,  as  compiled  from  the  local  observa- 
tions of  the  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau,  at  various  non-irrigable  points 
in  Eastern  Colorado  are  as  follows : 

Baca  County— Blaine,  15.88;   Springfield,  18.75;   Vilas,  14.09. 

Cheyenne  County — Cheyenne  Wells,  15.96. 

Elbert  County— Hamps,  14.32. 

El  Paso  County — Colorado  Springs,  14.34;   Husted,  15.98. 

Kit  Carson  County — Burlington,  18.67;  Seibert,  15.31;  Wallett,  18.11. 

Las  Animas  County — Clear  View,  22.90;   Hoehne,  13.60;   Trinidad,  17.17. 

Lincoln  County — Hugo,  15.14. 

Logan  County— Crook,   16.41;    Le  Roy,   15.72. 

Phillips  County — Holyoke,  16.81. 

Washington  County — Akron,   19.6;    Cope,  18.74. 

Yuma  County— Fox,  16.65;  Wray,  17.68;  Yuma,  17.50. 

Water  from  Wells — 

The  following  items  as  to  the  depth,  in  feet,  to  ground  water 
at  various  points  (non-irrigable  from  streams)  in  Eastern  Colo- 
rado are  taken  from  the  Biennial  Report  (1905-1906)  of  the  Colo- 
rado State  Engineer: 

Baca  County — Monon,   15-20;   Vilas,  50-65. 

Cheyenne  County — Arroyo,  14;   Wild  Horse,  11. 

Kiowa  County — Arlington,  17;   Chivington,  33;   Sheridan  Lake,  84. 

Kit  Carson  County— Burlington,  185;    Flagler,  5-20;    Seibert,  15-25. 

Lincoln  County — Arriba,  65;  Bovina,  115;   Hugo,  45. 

Washington  County— Akron,  20-120;    Cope,  18;    Otis,  220. 

Weld  County— Ault,  34;    Dover,  40;    Nunn,  28. 

Yuma— Wray,  80. 

Many  wells  have  been  sunk  throughout  Eastern  Colorado 
since  1906,  with  gratifying  results. 

Irrigation  from  Wells — 

Doctor  El  wood  Mead,  in  the  Year  Book  (1905)  of  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture,  states  that  where  an  ample  supply 
of  underground  water  can  be  reached  at  the  above  depths,  the 
farmer  can  afford  to  pump  water  for  irrigation. 

Records  of  Government  Experiment  Stations  show  that  wells, 
equipped  with  wind-mills,  irrigate  from  one  acre  to  seven  acres 
each,  at  a  cost  of  from  75  cents  to  $6  per  acre,  admitting  of 
orchards,  gardens,  shade  trees  and  wind-brakes;  also  crops  worth 
from  $12  to  $500  per  acre,  including  alfalfa,  garden  vegetables, 
fruit,  sugar  beets,  corn,  etc.  In  ten  years  there  was  not  a  single 
crop  failure  where  the  wind-mill  provided  moisture. 

In  connection  with  some  wind-mills,  large  storage  tanks  or 
comparatively  small  surface  reservoirs  are  used. 

Doctor  Mead  also  states  that  it  is  believed  there  are  few 
localities  in  arid  Eastern  Colorado  where  enough  water  cannot 
be  had  for  the  irrigation  of  from  one  to  ten  acres  on  each  sec- 
tion, and  that  it  is  remarkable  how  much  can  be  done  with  a  little 
water,  where  rightly  used. 

(2)  17 


Doctor  Mead  gives  particulars  of  one  pump  in  Eastern 
Colorado,  operated  by  gasoline  engine,  which  irrigates  50  acres — 
45  acres  in  farm  crops  and  the  remaining  five  acres  in  orchard. 

Irrigation  from  Wells  by  Gasoline  Engines — 

One  Denver  firm  during  1912  installed  eight  pumping  plants 
between  Limon,  Lincoln  Count}',  and  Kit  Carson,  Cheyenne 
County,  tapping  the  water-bearing  gravel  at  depths  of  from  four 
feet  to  24  feet  below  the  surface,  the  water-bearing  gravel  rang- 
ing from  12  to  20  feet  thick. 

The  method  is  to  sink  a  set  or  "battery"  of  wells  into  the 
water-bearing  gravel,  from  three  to  ten  in  number,  according 
to  circumstances,  in  a  direct  lateral  line  about  50  feet  apart, 
each  about  14  inches  in  diameter,  cased  with  special  perforated 
metal  casing;  the  wells  connected  with  each  other  by  one  hori- 
zontal suction  line. 


Pumping-  Irrigation  Water  from  Wells  by  Gasoline  Engine  in  Eastern  Colorado 


The  center  well  is  equipped  with  a  pump,  operated  by  gaso- 
line engine,  pumping  the  water  simultaneously  from  all  the  con- 
nected wells.  Experience  has  shown  that  as  much  water  is  obtain- 
able this  way  from  a  14-inch  perforated  casing  well  as  from  a 
large  open  well  of  from  10  feet  to  14  feet  in  diameter. 

The  pumping  plants  of  this  character  already  installed  in 
Eastern  Colorado  are  each  furnishing  continuously  from  500  to 
1,000  gallons  of  water  per  minute,  and  are  operated  by  gasoline 
engines  of  from  eight  to  12  H.P.  driving  centrifugal  pumps. 

It  is  estimated  that  500  gallons  of  water  per  minute  is 
capable  of  irrigating  eighty  acres. 

Conservation  of  Water  in  the  Soil — 

It  has  been  demonstrated  that  by  deep  plowing  and  thorough 
preparation  of  the  soil,  successful  agriculture  can  be  continuously 
conducted,  year  in  and  year  out,  in  Eastern  Colorado. 

18 


Mr.  E.  R.  Parsons,  of  Parker,  Douglas  County,  Colo.,  who  has 
been  successfully  farming  at  that  place,  without  irrigation,  for 
twenty-five  years,  and  for  fifteen  years  successfully  growing 
orchard  fruit,  also  without  irrigation,  states  as  his  experience 
that  every  year  of  intensive  cultivation  increases  the  moisture 
in  the  ground  to  an  ultimate  depth  of  14  feet  below  the  surface, 
sufficient  to  carry  orchard  trees,  etc.,  through  succeeding  dry 
years. 

He  further  says  that  he  has  never  lost  a  single  tree,  or  any 
crop,  by  drought;  that  in  the  so-called  dry  years  his  locality 
usually  gets  a  precipitation  of  about  ten  inches,  or  1,130  tons  of 


Plum  Orchard— Grown  Without  Irrigation— by  E.  R.  Parsons,  Parker,  Colo. 

water  per  acre ;  that  the  aim  and  object  of  farming  without  irri- 
gation is  not  so  much  to  produce  good  crops  in  good  years  (any- 
body can  do  that)  as  to  raise  a  profitable  amount  of  products 
in  dry  years;  that  he  knows  of  no  year  since  the  spring  of  1880 
that  this  was  not  done  by  men  who  had  the  requisite  knowledge 
of  how  to  do  it. 

The  Spalding  Deep  Tilling  Machine — 

This  machine  (Spalding  Deep  Tilling  Machine  Company, 
Western  office,  Ideal  Building,  Denver)  marks  the  beginning  of  a 
new  era  in  Colorado  farming,  both  in  irrigated  and  non-irrigable 
districts,  particularly  the  latter.  Its  merits  are  aptly  sum- 
marized by  Mr.  Joseph  H.  Eaton,  Weld  County,  a  practical 
agriculturist  of  many  years'  Colorado  experience,  as  follows : 

In  farming  without  irrigation,  deep  plowing  is  the  only 
method  by  which  the  precipitation  can  be  successfully  caught, 
stored  and  conserved  in  the  soil  for  the  use  of  the  growing  crops. 
Until  recently  no  implement  could  be  obtained  by  which  satis 
factory  work  could  be  done,  especially  in  new  ground. 

19 


The  Spalding  Deep  Tilling  Machine  has  now  been  perfected, 
by  which  it  is  possible  to  plow  and  thoroughly  mix  the  soil  to 
the  depth  of  even  16  or  18  inches. 

Hundreds  of  them  are  now  in  successful  operation.  Mr. 
Eaton  now  has  eleven  of  them;  in  1912  plowed  700  acres  with 
them,  and  says  that  the  machine  is  an  unqualified  success,  repre- 
senting the  greatest  advance  in  tilling  implements  since  the 
invention  of  the  steel  plow-share. 


The  Spalding  Deep  Tilling  Machine 


By  the  use  of  this  machine  the  prairie  sod  can  be  at  once 
plowed  to  a  depth  of  from  12  to  14  inches  and  transformed  into 
a  thoroughly  tilled  seed  bed  from  14  to  18  inches  deep,  enabling 
the  farmer  in  one  day  to  convert  a  piece  of  raw  prairie  sod  into 
a  seed  bed  ready  for  any  crop. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Pickett,  a  farmer  at  Seibert,  Kit  Carson  County, 
with  a  Spalding  machine  plowed  25  acres  in  the  fall  of  1911,  12  to 

20 


16  inches  deep,  using  four  good  horses.  The  land  was  very  hard, 
the  sod  having  previously  only  been  broken  about  three  inches 
deep,  for  two  years.  Result  of  such  deep  plowing :  50  bushels  of 
corn  per  acre  in  1912;  adjoining  land,  shallow  plowed,  only  yield- 
ing from  25  to  30  bushels. 

Mr.  J.  N.  Gibbs,  Jr.,  a  farmer  near  Trinidad,  Las  Animas 
County,  obtained  a  Spalding  Deep  Tilling  Machine  in  May,  1910 ; 
plowed  non-irrigable  prairie  sod  land  of  nominal  market  value, 
one  tract  about  eight  inches  deep,  the  other,  12  inches  deep,  35 
acres  in  all,  sowing  same  to  Mexican  beans.  In  1911  the  land 
plowed  12  inches  deep  yielded  1,500  pounds  of  beans  per  acre; 
that  plowed  eight  inches  deep  yielded  less  than  half  as  much. 
In  May,   1912,  he  double-disked  the  35  acres,  sowing  same  to 


The  Spalding  Deep  Tilling  Machine — Furrow  Side 

barley,  threshing  out  60  bushels  per  acre — the  best  yield  for  the 
County.  Mr.  Gibbs  now  has  five  Spalding  Deep  Tilling  Machines 
and  a  traction  engine,  and  is  about  to  cultivate  more  than  1,000 
acres  of  non-irrigable  land  now  covered  with  thick  prairie  sod 
and,  in  the  absence  of  such  a  machine,  of  little  market  value. 

Other  instances  could  be  quoted  illustrating  the  new  era  in 
Colorado  farming  made  possible  by  this  machine.  Wherever  it 
was  used  in  1912  the  ground  is  now  (March,  1913)  moist  to  a 
depth  of  several  feet  below  the  surface. 

"Scratchiculture" — 

Heretofore  the  accepted  method  of  reducing  a  tract  of  prairie 
sod  to  cultivation  has  been,  first,  to  turn  the  tough  sod  over  by 
shallow  plowing  to  a  depth  of  a  few  inches;  then,  either  wait  a 

21 


year  for  the  sod  to  "rot,"  or,  after  industriously  disking  the  over- 
turned sod,  raise  the  first  year  a  small  crop  of  one  of  the  so-called 
"sod"  crops;  then  the  next  year  plow  a  little  deeper,  and  so  on, 
until  after  a  period  of  several  years  a  seed  bed  six  or  eight  inches 
deep  would  be  obtained. 

This  savors  more  of  "scratchiculture"  than  "agriculture,"  but 
many  of  the  farmers  had  not  the  financial  means  to  do  better. 

Under  the  above  system,  ordinary  farm  crops  are  a  failure  in 
a  majority  of  years  in  Eastern  Colorado. 

Drought-Resisting  Cereals  and  Forage  Plants — 

The  following  drought-resisting  cereal  and  forage  plants 
yield  on  Colorado  non-irrigable  land,  as  follows : 


Barley  Raised  Without  Irrigation.    Altitude,  8, 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  Midland  Railway 


Feet 


Durum  Wheat  (a  spring  wheat,  originating  from  the  semi- 
arid  steppe  regions  of  Russia)  :  Has  been  grown  in  Colorado  ever 
since  1902,  yielding  from  10  to  48  bushels  per  acre. 

Turkey  Red  Wheat  (a  winter  wheat,  originating  from  the 
semi-arid  regions  of  Southeastern  Russia)  :  Average  yield,  15 
bushels. 

Rye  (Russian  variety)  :  Frequently  used  as  forage;  as  grain, 
yields  from  a  few  bushels  up  to  25  bushels  per  acre. 

Barley :    Special  varieties  successfully  grown. 

Corn :  The  1910  U.  S.  Census  Report  states  that  more  than 
one-half  of  the  total  corn  acreage  of  Colorado  is  in  the  non- 
22 


irrigable  Counties  of  Yuma,  Kit  Carson,  Phillips,  Washington 
and  Elbert,  the  average  yield  for  that  year  being  15  bushels  per 
acre.    Green  corn  is  also  used  for  forage  and  ensilage. 

Spring  Emmer  or  Speltz  (of  Russian  origin)  :  From  10  to 
30  bushels  per  acre;  used  as  feed  grain  for  live  stock. 

Oats:  Special  varieties  grown  for  forage,  as  frequently  as 
for  grain. 

Sorghum :  Common  forage  crop,  yielding  from  half  a  ton 
to  several  tons  per  acre. 

Kaffir  Corn  (originating  in  semi-arid  South  Africa)  :  Valu- 
able for  forage  and  grain. 

Milo  Maize  (also  originating  in  semi-arid  South  Africa)  : 
Valuable  for  forage  and  grain. 

Proso  (originating  in  semi-arid  regions  of  Europe)  :  Drought- 
resisting  millet,  grown  for  forage  and  grain. 

Millet :    German  variety,  grown  for  forage  and  grain. 
Brome  Grass    (originating  in  Europe)  :    Drought-resisting; 
yields  up  to  one  ton  per  acre. 

Alfalfa :    Drought-resisting  varieties. 

Colorado  Native  Grasses:  Variety  of  them,  including  blue 
stem   (Western  wheat  grass)  and  gramma  grasses. 

The  New  Bupfum  Cereals — 

By  special  breeding  for  a  number  of  years,  Professor  Buffun; 
(Wyoming  Plant  &  Seed  Breeding  Company,  with  Denver  office) 
has  evolved  new  varieties  of  grain,  specially  adapted  for  non- 
irrigable  land,  provided  such  land  is  deeply  plowed  and  thor- 
oughly cultivated  to  conserve  the  natural  precipitation.  Two  of 
such  varieties  have  already  been  successfully  introduced,  viz. : 

Buffum's  Improved  Winter  Emmer.  In  1912  Colorado 
farmers  grew,  on  non-irrigated  land,  yields  of  from  40  bushels 
per  acre  by  Nash  Bros.,  Pueblo  County,  to  104  bushels  per  acre 
by  Mr.  James  E.  Kane  near  Trinidad,  Las  Animas  County,  and 
107  bushels  per  acre  by  Mr.  R.  E.  Showalter  near  Loveland, 
Larimer  County. 

Buffum's  No.  17  Wheat,  produced  by  breeding  the  beard  off 
Turkey  Red  Wheat.  It  wras  only  introduced  in  Colorado  in  1912, 
to  mature  in  1913.  Prior  to  its  introduction  into  Colorado,  it 
produced  on  the  Buffum  Seed  Breeding  Farm  in  arid  Northern 
Wyoming,  by  the  acre,  35  bushels  without  irrigation  and  62 
bushels  wTith  irrigation. 

Live-Stock  Farming — 

The  success  of  farming,  without  irrigation,  in  Eastern  Colo- 
rado has  been  and  will  continue  to  be :  diversified  farming,  with 
live  stock  as  a  basis;  stock-raising,  dairying  (particularly  the 
latter),  hog-raising  and  poultry — a   combination   of  "the  plow. 

23 


the  cow  and  the  sow;"  feeding  the  farm  products  and  selling  on 
the  hoof,  or  feeding  to  dairy  stock  and  poultry,  selling  milk, 
eggs,  etc. 

This  is  already  illustrated  by  two  Counties  in  Eastern  Colo 
rado,  each  with  less  than  one  per  cent  of  its  total  area  and  less 
than  five  per  cent  of  the  number  of  its  farms  irrigated. 

According  to  the  statistics  in  the  1912  Annual  Report  of  the 
Colorado  Auditor  of  State,  (1)  Kit  Carson  County  ranks 
fourth,  among  all  the  Counties  of  Colorado,  in  the  number  of 
milch  cows;  (2)  Yuma  County  ranks  first,  among  all  the 
Counties  of  Colorado,  in  the  number  of  swine. 

Among  the  enterprising,  industrious  farmers  in  the  non- 
irrigable  districts,  silos  are  being  increasingly  used  for  the  stor- 


A  Dairy  Herd  in  Northern  Colorado 

ing  of  live-stock  food  for  the  winter,  consisting  of  the  cereals 
(corn,  etc.,  cut  green)  and  forage  plants,  chopped  up  by  machin 
ery. 

Summary — 

It  is  evident  from  the  foregoing  that  a  man  will  do  well  not 
to  undertake  farming  without  irrigation,  unless  he  has  sufficient 
capital  to  purchase  his  land,  provide  house,  fences,  barn,  well, 
wind-mill  or  other  pumping  plant,  obtain  necessary  live  stock 
(if  he  does  not  bring  it  with  him),  and  to  carry  him  well  over 
until  he  has  cultivated  a  sufficient  area  and  begins  to  get  definite 
returns. 

If  he  does  not  recognize  the  above  requirements,  he  takes  the 
responsibility  himself  and  is  not  able  to  find  any  justification  in 
this  book,  which  does  not  aim  to  "boost/'  but  to  present  facts. 

24 


Some  good  men  have  started  farming  in  Eastern  Colorado 
not  fully  equipped,  and  have  had  a  "hard  time"  for  a  few  years, 
coming  out  all  right  eventually. 

COLORADO  EXCELS  OTHER  STATES 

Colorado  (including  both  irrigated  and  non-irrigated  land) 
excels  other  States  in  the  average  yields  per  acre  and  average 
prices  of  farm  crops  (except  corn),  but  does  not  equal,  in  yields 
per  acre,  some  European  countries  where  intensive  farming  and 
continuous  liberal  fertilizing  are  practiced. 

As  stated  elsewhere  in  this  book,  the  other  States  which  have 
contributed  most  to  the  population  of  Colorado  are:  Missouri, 
Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Ohio,  Nebraska  and  New  York.  These 
States  fairly  represent  farming  conditions  in  various  parts  of 
the  country,  and  are  therefore  selected  for  comparison  with  Coin 
rado. 

The  1911  Year  Book  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture 
shows  that  the  average  yields  per  acre  and  average  prices  oi 
the  seven  ordinary  farm  crops,  over  a  ten-year  period,  in  Colo- 
rado, several  European  countries  (yields  per  acre  only),  and  such 
seven  other  States  were  as  follows: 

BARLEY 

1902-1911:  Germany,  35.8  bushels;  United  Kingdom,  35.1, 
Austria,  25.5;  France,  23.8;  Hungary,  23.6. 

State  Bushels   per  Acre 

Colorado    33.8 

Missouri    21.9 

Illinois   27.8 

Iowa   25.6 

Kansas    19.8 

Ohio    27.3 

Nebraska  24.0 

New  York    24.6 

United  States  25.7 

According  to  the  Crop  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  for  1912,  the  average  Colorado  yield  of  barley  was 
39  bushels  per  acre. 

Professor  Alvin  Keyser,  Chief  Agronomist,  Colorado  State 
Agricultural  College,  says  that  on  the  College  Farm  85  bushel s 
of  barley  per  acre,  for  the  entire  field,  have  been  harvested. 

CORN 

The  Year  Book  does  not  give  the  average  yields  per  acre  of 
corn  in  European  countries,  but  the  average  yields  and  prices  for 
various  American  States,  for  the  decade  1900-1909,  as  follows: 

25 


Price   per  Bushel 

59  cents 

55 

• 

50 

' 

41 

< 

41 

< 

53 

♦ 

37 

« 

60 

' 

47 

< 

State  Bushels  per  Acre 

Colorado    21.2 

Missouri 28.6 

Illinois    34.5 

Iowa  32.3 

Kansas    22.4 

Ohio   35.6 

Nebraska   27.4 

New  York   31.0 

United  States    25.8 


Price 


per   Bushel 

59  cents 

45  " 

43  " 

39  " 

42  M 

48  " 

38  " 

66  " 

47  " 


HAY 

The  Year  Book  does  not  give  the  average  yields  per  acre  of 
hay  in  European  countries,  but  the  average  yields  and  prices  for 
various  American  States,  for  the  decade  1900-1909,  as  follows : 
State  Tons  per  Acre  Price  per  Ton 

Colorado    2.35  $  8.67 

Missouri 1.28  8.15 

Illinois    1.35  9.53 

Iowa    1.55  6.47 

Kansas   : 1.41  5.63 

Ohio   1.38  10.06 

Nebraska   1.55  ,  5.09 

New  York   1.22  12.10 

United  States  1.44  •  9.59 

According  to  the  1910  U.  S.  Census  Report,  alfalfa  (lucerne) 
contributes  nearly  two-fifths  of  the  acreage  and  over  one-half  of 
the  quantity  and  value  of  the  Colorado  hay  crop. 


Oats  Raised  Without  Irrigation. 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  Midland  Railway 


Altitude,  8,479  Feet 


26 


MfrriflTtrtn  -grr 

BP^^^^^^V^-f^- 

zspb 

mm, 

188 

^^ 

£■  ■■•• 

P^v  *5l^»V-^^^^^Ri 

. i— i— 

Sixty-Five  Acre  Potato  Field. 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  Midland  Railway 


Altitude,  6, 200  Feet 


OATS 

1902-1911:  Germany,  51.5  bushels;  United  Kingdom,  44.7; 
Austria,  31.2;  Hungary.  31  :  France,  30. 

1900-1909 : 
State  Bushels   per  Acre  Price   per   Bushel 

Colorado    35.3  46  cents 

Missouri    23.4  35 

Illinois    31.2  34       " 

Iowa   29.5  30       * 

Kansas   24.4  35 

Ohio   33.2  36       " 

Nebraska    26.4  30 

New   York    31.3  43 

United  States   29.5  35       " 

According  to  the  Crop  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  for  1912,  the  average  Colorado  yield  of  oats  was  42.8 
bushels  per  acre. 

Professor  Alvin  Keyser  says  that,  on  good  soils,  with  adequate 
preparation,  proper  rotation  of  crops  and  efficient  irrigation,  oats 
in  the  Fort  Collins  district  yield  107  bushels  per  acre,  whole  fields 
running  85  bushels  per  acre.  Oats  in  Middle  Park,  at  8,000  feet 
altitude,  range  from  G5  to  75  bushels  per  acre.  Whole  fields  in 
the  San  Luis  Valley  yield  GO  bushels  per  acre. 

27 


POTATOES 


1900-1910:    Germany,  200.8  bushels;  United  Kingdom,  200.7; 
Austria,  154.6;  France,  123.3;  Hungary,  117.3. 


1900-1909  : 

State  Bushels  per  Acre 

Colorado    130 

Missouri    81 

Illinois    85 

Iowa  82 

Kansas   76 

Ohio   84 

Nebraska   83 

New  York 88 

United  States 91.4 


Price  per  Bushel 
60  cents 
62 
64 
53 
73 
59 
55 
59 
57 


A  Colorado  Potato  Cellar 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  Midland  Railway 

Professor  Keyser,  before  quoted,  says  that  on  the  best  lands 
of  the  Greeley  district,  potatoes  have  yielded  as  high  as  from 
300  to  400  sacks  per  acre,  weighing  from  100  to  115  pounds  per 
sack;  that  he  has  seen  125  sacks  per  acre  produced  at  8,000  feet 
altitude  in  Middle  Park,  and  that  yields  of  200  sacks  per  acre 
are  not  unusual  in  the  Montrose  and  Carbondale  districts. 


RYE 

1902-1911:     United  Kingdom,  28.2  bushels;  Germany,  26.5 
Austria,  20.1;  Hungary,  18.3;  France,  16.8. 

28 


1900-1909 : 
State  Bushels  per  Acre  Price   per  Bushel 

Colorado   18.3  62  cents 

Missouri    14.8  64       " 

Illinois  15.1  61      " 

Iowa    18.0  53      " 

Kansas    14.2  57       " 

Ohio   17.1  64       ^ 

Nebraska    16.8  49 

New  York   16.1  68       " 

United  States   16.0  62      " 

According  to  the  Crop  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  for  1912,  the  average  Colorado  yield  of  rye  was  20 
bushels  per  acre. 

Professor  Keyser  says  that  60  bushels  of  rye  per  acre  have 
been  obtained  on  Colorado  irrigated  lands. 

WHEAT 

1902-1911:  United  Kingdom,  33  bushels;  Germany,  29.8; 
France,  20.3;  Austria,  19.4;  Hungary,  18.4. 

1900-1909 : 

State  Bushels  per  Acre  Price   per   Bushel 

Colorado    25.1  75  cents 

Missouri    13.4  78  " 

Illinois  15.5  81  " 

Iowa  14.6  72  " 

Kansas   14.0  71  " 

Ohio 14.9  86  " 

Nebraska    17.5  67  " 

New  York    17.4  90  " 

United  States   14.1  77  " 

According  to  the  Crop  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  for  1912,  the  average  Colorado  yield  of  spring  wheat 
was  24  bushels  per  acre,  and  of  winter  wheat  24.5  bushels  per  acre. 

Professor  Keyser,  before  quoted,  says  that  on  good  soils,  with 
adequate  preparation,  proper  rotation  of  crops  and  efficient  irri- 
gation, it  is  not  an  unusual  occurrence  in  the  Fort  Collins  district 
to  have  spring  wheat  yield  50  bushels  per  acre. 

SUGAR  BEETS 

Wonderful  Development  Since  1899 — 

In  Colorado,  sugar  beets  are  regarded  as  the  most  safe  and 
profitable  crop  of  any,  one  year  with  another. 

A  farmer  can  raise  beets,  sell  the  sugar  in  them  to  the  fac- 
tory, get  back  and  feed  the  factory  pulp  and  syrup  to  his  live 
stock,  also  the  nutritive  beet  tops,  and  return  to  his  land,  in  the 
manure,  the  fertility  taken  from  the  soil  by  the  crop. 

The  cultivation  of  sugar  beets  was  introduced  into  Colorado 
in  1899,  when  the  first  factory  was  built.    There  are  now  17  beet- 

29 


Preparing  Ground  for  Sowing  Sugar  Beet 

sugar  factories  in  the  State,  representing  an  investment  of  about 
#22,000,000. 

In  1912  there  were  over  140,000  acres  of  beets  harvested  in 
Colorado  and  1,700,000  tons  paid  for  by  the  factories;  average 
yield  per  acre,  12  tons;  average  factory  price,  nearly  |6  (depend- 
ing on  sugar  contents)  ;  the  growers  receiving  about  $9,500,000. 

Great  Benefit  to  Agriculture — 

The  evolution  of  the  beet-sugar  industry  in  Colorado  has  been 
of  great  benefit  to  the  State  generally  and  to  agriculture  in  par- 
ticular, resulting  in  : 

(1)  Much  greater  attention  being  paid  to  scientific  rotation 
of  crops,  the  growth  of  sugar  beets  resulting  in  marked  percent- 


sugar  Beet  Loading  Station 
30 


age  of  increase  of  yield  per  acre  of  alternating  cereal  and  other 
crops. 

(2)  More  intensive  cultivation  and  tendency  to  smaller 
farms. 

(3)  Impetus  to  stock-feeding  (cattle,  sheep  and  hogs),  utiliz- 
ing, along  with  other  foods,  beet  tops  and  residuum  factory  beet 
pulp  and  syrup. 

(4)  Increase  of  diversified  farming. 

(5)  Increased  demand  for  labor  in  the  beet  fields  and  fac- 
tories, attracting  people  from  the  cities  "back  to  the  land." 

Leases  for  Beet-Growing  Common — 

Leases  are  common  from  Colorado  farmers,  for  one  season,  of 
portions  of  their  farms  for  the  growth  of  sugar  beets;  the  farmers 
furnishing  the  land  and  irrigation  water;  the  lessees  furnishing 
the  seed,  horses,  implements  and  labor,  paying  as  rent  from  20  to 


Sowing  Sugar  Beet  Seed 

25  per  cent  of  the  gross  value  of  the  crop,  as  evidenced  by  the 
checks  paid  by  the  factory  for  the  beets. 

The  growers,  in  the  winter  or  early  spring,  individually  con- 
tract, in  writing,  with  the  factories  to  grow  a  certain  acreage  of 
beets  for  the  factories  during  the  following  season,  at  specified 
prices  per  ton,  depending  on  sugar  contents. 

The  tracts  devoted  to  sugar  beets  range  in  size  from  a  few 
acres  to  hundreds  of  acres  each,  the  average  being  about  20  acres. 

Profitable  for  Labor — 

In  1912  there  was  paid  to  laborers  in  the  Colorado  beet  fields 
about  $4,000,000. 

The  busy  times  are  the  thinning,  hoeing,  pulling  and  topping 
seasons,  the  labor  being  generally  done  by  contract. 

The  wages  paid  in  the  beet  fields  for  ordinary  common  labor, 
doing  hand  work,  range  from  $1.50  to  $2.50  per  day,  if  reckoned 

31 


Sugar  Factory  Beet  Pulp  Dump 

that  way ;  but  the  field  workers  generally  contract  to  do  the  neces- 
sary hand  work — i.  e.,  the  thinning  and  hoeing,  second  and  third 
hoeings,  pulling  and  topping — for  $20  per  acre,  father,  mother 
and  children  working  on  the  family  contract.  The  workers  pro- 
vide their  own  food. 

Men,  women  and  children  (over  12  years  of  age)  average  six 
acres  per  worker,  which  at  $20  per  acre  means  an  average  of  $120 
per  worker  per  season. 

During  the  rush  (lasting  intermittently  not  over  five  weeks 
altogether)  of  the  season  the  industrious  work  from  12  to  14 
hours  per  day.     In  the  intervals  they  get  other  work  from  the 


Fattening  Cattle  on  Sugar  Factory  Beet  Pulp 
32 


farmer,  thereby  earning  sufficient  to  cover  their  expenses  for  the 
entire  season,  the  contract  work  representing  clear  money. 

In  the  early  years  of  the  industry  the  laborers  were  housed  in 
tents  furnished  rent-free  by  the  farmers  growing  beets.  As  time 
went  on,  many  of  the  farmers  built  wooden  houses  for  them,  also 
rent-free,  while  the  more  thrifty  and  industrious  of  the  early 
comers  of  the  field  workers  acquired  small  tracts  of  land  and 
erected  their  own  houses.  To-day,  in  some  districts  the  majority 
of  the  most  successful  beet-growers  are  those  who  started  years 
ago  as  field  hands. 

Most  Profitable  Field  Crop  in  Colorado — 

The  average  cost  of  production  of  an  acre  of  beets  is  about 

$45. 


First  Prize  Fat  Ewes,  Fattened  on  Factory  Beet  Pulp 

The  average  yield  in  1912 — 12  tons — at  an  average  price  of 
$5.60  per  ton,  is  $67.20,  showing  $23.20  net  per  acre. 

Yields  of  20  tons  per  acre  and  upwards  are  common. 

Residuum  for  Stock-Feeding — 

The  residuum  beet  pulp  and  residuum  syrup  from  the  fac- 
tories are  mostly  fed  to  live  stock  within  a  short  distance  from 
each  factory,  large  numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep  being  assembled 
in  fattening  yards  for  the  purpose  of  utilizing  the  material,  in 
addition  to  alfalfa,  etc. 

The  pulp  and  syrup  are  also  shipped  by  railroad  to  stock- 
feeders  and  dairymen  up  to  30  miles  distant,  and  fetched  from 
the  factory  in  wagons,  by  local  farmers. 

(3)  33 


The  factory  price  of  the  pulp  is  50  cents  per  ton  during  oper- 
ating period,  and  75  cents  per  ton  during  inter-campaign;  aver- 
age, 65  cents  for  the  year  at  the  factory. 

The  residuum  syrup  sells  for  $7  per  ton  f.  o.  b.  factory,  and 
is  shipped  in  tank  cars.  The  farmers  within  easy  driving  distance 
from  the  factory  buy  it  in  barrels.  It  is  used  in  different  ways 
as  stock  feed,  either  sprinkled  over  the  beet  pulp,  or  mixed  with 
chopped  straw  and  hay,  one  part  of  syrup  to  three  parts  of  chop. 

Colorado  has  demonstrated  that  a  farming  community,  which 
intelligently  grows  beets  and  utilizes  the  pulp  resulting  from 
them  in  the  feeding  of  cattle,  is  able  to  grow  as  large  crops,  in 
addition  to  the  beets,  as  were  produced  before  adding  the  sugar- 
beet  industry,  and  to  maintain  many  more  cattle  than  was  possi- 
ble before  beet  farming  was  inaugurated. 

OTHER  FIELD  CROPS 

Canadian  Peas — 

Canadian  field  peas  have  been  increasingly  grown  in  Colorado 
for  some  years  past,  especially  in  the  San  Luis  Valley.     In  rota- 


An  Onion  Field 

tion  of  crops,  they  are  a  great  fertilizer.  They  do  best  at  high, 
cool  elevations,  with  minimum  evaporation;  say,  from  7,000  feet 
upwards  (as  in  the  San  Luis  Valley),  where  alfalfa,  begins  to 
be  somewhat  unreliable.  They  are  a  growing  factor  in  the  fat- 
tening of  sheep  and  swine. 

NOTE.— See  "Sheep"  and  "Swine." 

Cantaloupes — 

Rocky  Ford  (Otero  County)  has  for  years  been  famous  for 
the  extent  and  high  quality  of  its  cantaloupe  field  crop,  which  is 
shipped  by  the  train  load  to  the  great  cities  of  the  Middle  and 

34 


Eastern  States,  as  far  Easl  as  New  York.  Other  Colorado  points, 
such  as  Palisade  (Mesa  County)  on  the  Western  Slope,  now  also 
grow  cantaloupes  as  a  field  crop. 

Flax— 

Flax  is  increasingly  grown  (for  seed,  not  yet  for  fibre)  as 
profitable  crop,  more  particularly  on  the  non-irrigable  lands  of 
Eastern  Colorado. 

Roots — 

MangoM-wurzels,  rutabagas  (Swede  tin-nips),  etc.,  do  equally 
as  well  as  sugar  beets,  and  are  increasingly  grown  as  feed  for 
live  stock. 

Vegetables,  Etc. — 

The  entire  range  of  vegetables,  etc. — such  as  asparagus, 
beans,  cabbage,  carrots,  celery,  onions,  peas,  tomatoes,  etc. — are 
increasingly  grown  as  field  crops.  Colorado  cabbage,  celery, 
onions,  etc.,  on  account  of  their  high  quality,  are  increasingly 
shipped  to  other  States;  while  asparagus,  beans,  peas,  tomatoes, 
etc.,  constitute  the  raw  material  for  numerous  Colorado  canning 
establishments,  which,  besides  largely  supplying  the  Colorado 
market,  ship  extensively  to  other  States. 


Planting  and  Irrigating  Cabbage 


35 


Live  Stock 


HORSES 


There  was  an  increase  in  the  number  and  value  per  head 
of  horses  in  Colorado  in  1912,  as  shown  by  the  following  figures 
issued  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture: 

Date  Number  Value  per  Head  Gross  Value 

Jan.  1,  1913   324,000  $87  $28,188,000 

Jan.  1,  1912   321,000  80  25,680,000 

According  to  the  statistics  of  the  State  Auditor's  Report 
for  1912,  the  five  leading  horse  Counties  are :  Weld,  Yuma,  Lari- 
mer, Kit  Carson,  Washington. 

Horse-raising  in  Colorado  admits  of  great  and  profitable 
development.  Originally  the  local  stock  was  of  the  Indian  pony 
type,  indigenous  to  the  plains.  For  years  past  thoroughbred 
Belgian  Draft,  Norman-Percheron,  Oldenburg  Coach  and  French 
Coach  breeding  stock  have  been  extensively  introduced  into  Colo- 
rado, with  corresponding  results. 

There  is  now  a  bigger  demand  for  good  draft  horses  than 
local  supply.  Locally  raised  horses  have  better  bone  and  wind 
than  those  raised  at  lower  altitudes.  Colorado  can  well  follow 
the  practice  in  States  to  the  East,  where  individual  farmers  sell 
two  or  three  teams  a  year  of  their  own  raising  and  breaking. 
At  present,  a  team  weighing  1,200  pounds  each  fetches  in  the 
Colorado  market  from  f 300  to  f 500. 

Colorado  farmers  are  now  going  more  into  horse-raising  than 
previously,  and  the  number  of  horses  handled  at  the  Denver  Union 
Stock  Yards  has  doubled  in  the  last  few  years. 

MULES 

There  was  an  increase  in  the  value  per  head  of  mules  in 
Colorado  in  1912,  as  shown  by  the  following  figures  issued  by  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture: 

Date  Number  Value  per  Head  Gross  Value 

Jan.  1,  1913   17,000  $104  $1,768,000 

Jan.  1,  1912   17,000  100  1,700,000 

According  to  the  statistics  of  the  State  Auditor's  Report  for 
1912,  the  five  leading  mule  Counties  are  Weld,  Yuma,  Las  Animas, 
Prowers,  Otero. 

So  far,  mule-breeding  has  not  been  extensively  practiced  in 
Colorado,  though  there  is  a  good  opening  for  same. 

36 


Most  of  the  mules  now  in 
Colorado  are  work  animals 
shipped  in  from  other  States. 
Draft  mules,  standing  16  hands 
and  over,  weighing  from  1,200 
pounds  to  1,300  pounds  each,  fetch 
from  $400  to  $600  per  team  in 
Colorado.  For  freight-hauling  in 
the  mountains,  mules,  especially 
Colorado-bred  mules,  are  better 
than  horses,  being  surer-footed, 
tougher  and  hardier. 

ASSES 

The  Year  Book  of  the  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture  does 
not  take  cognizance  of  the  number 
of  asses  in  the  various  States. 

The  State  Auditor's  Report 
for  1912  credits  Colorado  as  hav- 
ing 572  asses,  the  five  leading  ass 
Counties  being:  La  Plata,  San 
Miguel,  Park,  San  Juan,  Clear 
Creek. 

The  use  of  asses  (locally 
termed  "burros")  as  pack  animals 
in  the  mining  Counties  has  de- 
clined with  the  advent  of  aerial 
wire  trams  and  the  substitution 
of  wagon  roads  for  former  trails. 


Aerial  Wire  Tram 
Courtesy  of  A.  Leschen  &  Sons  Rope  Co. 


RANGE  CATTLE 

There  was  no  increase  in  the  number,  but  an  increase  in  the 
value  per  head  of  range  cattle  (i.  e.,  other  than  dairy  cattle)  in 
1912,  as  shown  by  the  following  figures  issued  by  the  U.  S.  De- 
partment of  Agriculture: 


Date  Number 

Jan.  1,  1913   921,000 

Jan.   1,   1912 921,000 


Value  per  Head 

$34.10 
27.60 


Gross  Value 

$31,406,000 

25,420,000 


According  to  the  statistics  of  the  State  Auditor's  Report  for 
1912,  the  five  leading  range  cattle  Counties  are:  Moffat,  Rio 
Blanco,  Routt,  Jackson,  Yuma. 

The  open-range  cattle  industry,  as  it  existed  in  the  eighties 
in  Colorado,  is  practically  a  thing  of  the  past,  except  as  it  lingers 
in  the  less  populated  Counties,  and,  even  there,  winter  feeding 

37 


with  hay,  etc.,  is  now  practiced,  in  order  to  be  able  to  market 
the  animals  in  good  condition  in  the  early  spring  months.  In 
the  more  populous  grazing  Counties  the  cattle  industry  is  now 
conducted  in  smaller  herds  and  of  much  higher  grade  stock  than 
formerly,  and  on  fenced  lands. 

The  favorite  breeds  are  Shorthorns,  Herefords,  Polled  Angus, 
Galloways,  etc. 

Colorado  is  increasingly  self-supplied  with  beef  of  high  qual- 
ity, resulting  from  the  feeding  of  cereals  (barley,  speltz,  etc.), 
roots  (mangold-wurzel,  sugar  beets,  beet-sugar  pulp)  and  forage, 
such  as  alfalfa. 

At  the  Denver  Stock  Show  (practically  a  "feeder"  show)  in 
January,  1913,  the  champion  carload  of  Shorthorn  calves,  less 
than  one  year  old,  fetched  $12.25  per  100  pounds,  and  ordinary 
two-year-old  Colorado  cattle  sold  from  #7.10  up  to  flO  per  100 
pounds. 


2  YEAR  OLD 
1  '       J    HEREFORD  STEERS 
^^^                        1                                                            ALFALFA  FED 

^«;^                1  GRAND  CHAMPIONS 

B- JL  ■                                           I       AVERAGE  WEIGHT 

1600  POUNDS 

H    BVHI 

A  Bunch  of  Steers 


Colorado,  by  means  of  increased  live-stock  farming,  as  con- 
trasted with  grazing  on  the  remaining  open  ranges  decreasing  in 
area,  can  produce  double  and  treble  the  present  number  of  beef 
cattle. 

In  view  of  the  increasing  shortage  of  beef  cattle  throughout 
the  United  States,  the  favorable  conditions  in  Colorado  will  prob- 
ably result  in  a  marked  expansion  of  live-stock  farming. 

There  is  good  profit  in  individual  farmers  purchasing  com- 
paratively small  lots  of  weaned  calves  or  yearling  steers,  feeding 
them  for  a  time  on  alfalfa  and  straw,  grazing  during  the  sum- 
mer, and  subsequently  feeding  them  on  grains,  roots,  etc.,  raised 
on  their  own  farms,  and  marketing  as  beef. 

38 


Some  small  farmers  on  non-irrigated  land  are  raising  forage 
— such  as  Kaffir  corn,  milo  maize,  etc. — as  food  for  their  live 
stock. 

MILCH  COWS 

There  was  an  increase  in  the  number  and  value  per  head  of 
milch  cows  in  Colorado  in  1912,  as  shown  by  the  following  figures 
issued  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture: 

Date  Number  Value  per  Head  Gross  Value 

Jan.    1,    1913 172,000  $53.80  $9,254,000 

Jan.  1,  1912   167,000  47.00  7,849,000 

NOTE.— Switzerland  has  1,500,000  cattle,  practically  all  dairy  cat- 
tle, and  350,000  goats,  also  used  for  dairy  purposes. 

According  to  the  statistics  of  the  State  Auditor's  Report  for 
1912,  the  five  leading  dairy  cattle  Counties  are:  Weld,  El  Paso, 
Douglas,  Kit  Carson,  Arapahoe. 

Reduce  Importations  of  Dairy  Products — 

The  Colorado  State  Dairy  Commissioner,  in  his  Annual  Re- 
port for  1912,  says  that  Colorado  otfers  greater  advantages  than 
any  other  Western  State  for  profitable  dairying.  The  vast  idle, 
grazing  areas  present  exceptional  opportunities  for  dairy  herds, 
and  several  thousand  more  cows  could  be  introduced  with  profit 
to  the  owners.  Tn  this  way  the  importation  of  dairy  products 
into  the  State  would  be  lessened. 

At  the  present  time  from  $6,500,000  to  $7,000,000  worth  of 
dairy  products  annually  are  shipped  into  Colorado. 

Here  is  an  opening  for  less  fortunate  dairymen  in  the 
crowded  States  East  of  Colorado. 

NOTE. — Irrespective  of  supplying  its  own  population  of  nearly 
4,000,000  people,  Switzerland  annually  exports  dairy  products  (cheese, 
condensed  milk  and  milk  chocolate)  to  the  amount  of  nearly  $25,000,000. 

Colorado  Ideal  for  Dairy  Farming — 

The  Colorado  State  Dairy  Commissioner  further  says  that 
almost  every  County  in  Colorado  is  well  adapted  for  dairy  farm- 
ing. There  should  be  better  cows  and  more  of  them.  They  should 
be  tested  and  the  poorer  ones  weeded  out,  thereby  raising  the 
standard,  not  only  of  the  herds,  but  of  the  products.  One  serious 
drawback  to  successful  dairying  in  Colorado  is  the  lack  of  effi- 
cient help,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  farm  hands  are  paid 
higher  wages  than  in  almost  any  other  State  in  the  Union. 

Producers  are  getting  higher  prices  for  their  milk  now  than 
ever  before,  mainly  because  the  grade  is  better.  In  1912  they 
were  paid  48  cents  for  their  butter  fat,  as  against  44  cents  in 
1911. 


Increasing  Use  of  Silos — 

Silos  are  coming  into  more  general  use  .with  dairymen. 
Where  it  is  not  possible  to  have  a  concrete  silo,  the  ground  or 
trench  silo  is  a  valuable  aid  to  the  dairy  farmer  in  the  prepara- 


i 
I 


A  Concrete  Silo 
Courtesy  of  The  U.  S.  Portland  Cement  Co. 


tion  of  winter  food.  In  non-irrigable  sections,  corn  and  other 
forage  plants  are  used  for  ensilage.  In  the  irrigated  districts, 
the  larger  growth  of  corn  makes  it  an  especially  valuable  crop 
for  ensilage. 

Dairies  and  Creameries — 

Of  the  more  than  7,000  dairies  (large  and  small)  in  Colorado, 
the  majority  are  confined  to  the  more  populous  Counties.  The 
one-  and  two-cow  dairies  are  mostly  in  the  sparsely  peopled  Coun- 
ties, where  many  goats  are  being  utilized  for  family  use. 

In  1912  there  were  125  creameries  at  various  points,  as 
against  85  in  1911. 

There  are  two  condensed-milk  factories  operating  continu- 
ously, with  increasing  production. 

Six  small  cheese  factories  are  in  operation,  the  quality  of 
their  output  being  above  the  average;  but  the  great  bulk  of  the 
cheese  consumed  in  Colorado  is  as  yet  imported  from  other  States. 

40 


SHEEP 

There  was  an  increase  in  the  number  and  value  per  head  of 
sheep  in  Colorado  in  1912,  as  shown  by  the  following  figures  is- 
sued by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture : 

Number  Value  per  Head  Gross  Value 


Date 

Jan.  1,  1913    1,737,000 

Jan.  1,  1912   1,579,000 


$3.10 
3.00 


$6,253,000 
4,737,000 


As  to  wool,  the  Year  Book  for  1911  quotes  from  the  esti- 
mates of  the  National  Association  of  Wool  Manufacturers  for 

1911,  as  follows:  "Colorado,  1,300,000  sheep  sheared;  average 
weight  of  fleece,  seven  pounds;  shrinkage,  68  per  cent;  wool 
washed  and  unwashed,  including  pulled  wool,  9,100,000  pounds; 
wool  scoured,  including  pulled  wool,  2,912,000  pounds." 

According  to  the  statistics  of  the  State  Auditor's  Report  for 

1912,  the  five  leading  sheep  Counties  are:  Las  Animas,  Prowers, 
Dent,  Conejos.  Saguache. 


1  ^ 


Alfalfa-Field  Pea  Fed  Sheep 

Originally  the  sheep  in  Colorado  were  Mexican  in  breed ; 
hardy,  adapted  to  local  conditions,  but  inferior  for  mutton  and 
wool  purposes. 

In  the  "eighties"  there  was  a  movement  resulting  in  the  ex- 
tensive introduction  of  breeding  stock  for  wool,  mostly  Meriuos. 
This  was  followed  by  the  extensive  introduction  of  the  mutton 
breeds — Shropshires  and  Rambouillets. 

To-day  there  is  practically  an  unlimited  local  demand  for 
mutton  as  compared  with  formerly.  Sheep-feeding  in  Colorado 
for  the  butcher  has  witnessed  corresponding  development.  North- 
ern Colorado  alone  annually  feeds  over  300,000  sheep  and  lambs. 
Lambs  born  in  May  and  June  are  put  into  the  feeding  pens  in 
September,  October  and  November,  fed  on  the  small  cereals,  roots 


41 


(including  factory  sugar-beet  pulp  and  syrup),  alfalfa,  etc.,  and 
marketed  in  January,  February  and  March,  fetching  the  highest 
price  in  the  markets  of  Chicago  and  other  Eastern  centers;  viz., 
up  to  nine  cents  per  pound,  live  weight. 

In  the  Arkansas  Valley  several  hundred  thousand  sheep  and 
lambs  are  annually  fattened  on  hay,  alfalfa  and  small  grain. 

In  the  San  Luis  Valley  several  hundred  thousand  lambs 
and  sheep  are  fattened  annually  for  market,  mainly  on  Canadian 
peas,  on  which  they  are  turned  out  to  graze. 

There  is  good  profit  in  individual  farmers  purchasing  com- 
paratively small  lots  of  sheep  or  lambs,  and  fattening  same  for 
market  on  the  produce  of  their  own  farms. 

GOATS 

The  Year  Book  aforesaid  does  not  give  statistics  as  to  the 
number  of  goats  in  the  various  States. 

According  to  the  statistics  of  the  State  Auditor's  Report  for 
1912,  there  are  24,383  goats  in  Colorado,  the  five  leading  goat 
Counties  being:  Las  Animas,  Archuleta,  Mesa,  La  Plata,  Cos- 
tilla. 

They  are  mostly  common  goats,  usually  owned  by  Mexicans 
{Hid  kept  for  their  milk,  though  at  some  points  Angora  goats  are 
being  introduced. 

NOTE. — As  before  mentioned,  Switzerland  has  350,000  goats,  used 
for  dairy  purposes. 

SWINE 

There  was  a  decrease  in  the  number  and  an  increase  in  the 
value  per  head  of  swine  in  Colorado  in  1912,  as  shown  by  the 
following  figures  issued  by  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture: 

Date  .  Number  Value  per  Head  Gross  Value 

Jan.  1,  1913    205,000  $11  $2,255,000 

Jan.  1,  1912   211,000  8  1,688,000 

According  to  the  statistics  of  the  State  Auditor's  Report  for 
1912,  the  five  leading  hog  Counties  are:  Yuma,  Adams,  Otero, 
Prowers,  Rio  Grande. 

During  1912  there  were  221,718  hogs  handled  at  the  Denver 
Union  Stock  Yards,  over  50  per  cent  of  which  came  from  Kansas 
and  Nebraska. 

The  hog  industry  in  Colorado  is  in  its  infancy  and  presents 
practically  an  unlimited  field  for  development.  The  packing- 
houses of  Denver  and  Pueblo  do  not  begin  to  supply  the  Colorado 
demand  for  packing-house  products,  and  can  ship  extensively  to 
other  States,  particularly  to  the  North,  South  and  West  of  Colo- 
rado. 

42 


Colorado's  Advantage  fob  the  Hog  [ndustby — 

Professor  11.  M.  Cottrell  (until  recently  Professor  of  Animal 
Industry  at  the  Colorado  Stale  Agricultural  College  and  now  Agri- 
cultural Commissioner  of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific 
Railway)  says  that  hogs  can  be  raised  more  economically  and 
profitably  in  Colorado  than  in  the  corn  belts  of  Iowa,  Illinois  and 
other  States,  and  that  Colorado  has  four  special  supplies  of  hog 
feed.  viz. : 

(1)  Alfalfa  in  the  irrigated  districts.  Hogs  can  be  pastured 
on  it,  supplemented  by  one  pound  of  grain  per  head  per  day.  De- 
ducting the  gain  resulting  from  the  grain,  alfalfa  produces,  on  the 
average,  about  TOO  pounds  of  pork  per  acre. 

i  2  i  Barley  in  the  irrigated  and  non-irrigated  districts,  and 
also  in  the  mountains.  This  is  the  main  basis  of  the  enormous 
and  growing  hog  product  of  Denmark,  with  its  vast  annual  hog 
product  exports  to  Great  Britain.  On  Colorado  irrigated  barley 
lands,  from  600  pounds  to  800  pounds  of  pork  to  the  acre  can  be 
raised;  on  non-irrigated  barley  lands,  from  200  pounds  to  400 
pounds  of  pork  per  acre;  on  barley  lands  at  higher  elevations,  say 
along  the  line  of  the  Moffat  Road,  from  500  to  TOO  pounds  per  acre. 
The  corn  belts  of  Iowa,  Illinois,  etc.,  do  not  average  over  400 
pounds  of  pork  to  the  acre. 

(3)  Canadian  Field  Peas.  At  high  elevations  in  Colorado — 
say.  of  7,000  to  9,000  feet — where  alfalfa  is  not  generally  success 
ful,  Canadian  field  peas,  as  in  the  Pan  Luis  Valley,  are  the  surest 
crop.  With  present  method  of  growing  Canadian  peas,  about  400 
pounds  of  pork  to  the  acre  is  raised.  With  better  methods  and 
selected  seed.  600  pounds  of  pork  per  acre  can  be  raised.     In  the 


Alfalfa-Pea-Fed  Hogs.    Average  Weight,  500  Pounds 
43 


Hog  Raising  in  Colorado 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 

San  Luis  Valley  the  cost  of  labor,  seed  and  water,  up  to  the  time 
the  hogs  are  turned  out  to  graze,  is  said  not  exceed  $1.50  per  acre. 
The  average  yield  is  25  bushels  of  peas  to  the  acre,  irrespective  of 
the  vines.  Those  who  take  special  pains  and  use  selected  seed  get 
50  bushels  to  the  acre,  with  corresponding  increase  of  pork  yield. 
With  400  pounds  of  pork  per  acre,  the  cost  of  production  is  about 
38  cents  per  100  pounds  of  pork,  live  weight.  The  price  of  the  pea 
land  has  been  from  |30  to  f 50  per  acre.  Corn  land  in  Iowa  and 
Illinois,  used  for  hog-raising,  sells  at  |150  per  acre. 

(4)  Fallen  and  undersized  fruit  in  the  orchard  districts,  par 
ticularly  on  the  Western  Slope.  The  hog  business,  auxiliary  to 
orchards,  is  valuable,  maintaining  fertility  of  soil  and  utilizing 
otherwise  waste  products,  supplemented,  of  course,  with  grain. 
The  orchard  districts  can  profitably  produce  large  quantities  of 
hogs. 

In  addition  to  the  above,  in  the  dairy  districts  there  are  vast 
quantities  of  buttermilk  and  skim  milk  obtainable  at  minimum 
prices. 

The  favorite  breeds  are  Berkshires,  Jersey  Reds,  Poland 
Chinas,  Tamworths,  etc. 

A  serum,  manufactured  in  Colorado,  now  in  local  general  use 
as  an  antidote  to  or  preventive  of  hog  cholera,  reduces  the  mor 
tality  to  a  minimum,  removing  the  one  serious  objection  to  the 
hog  industry. 

44 


I 


DONER  OMOII  SPCI  /ARD  CO 

-UVE  STOCK  EXCHAMGr 


US 


IB    «■    SB    35j   ~  -       IB     MB   ]i  y«  K       j 


SI  Ii  ii  I 


Denver  Union  Stock  Yard  Building  and  Exchange 

DENVER  UNION  STOCK  YARDS 

Each  succeeding  year  demonstrates  that  Denver  is  the  great 
Western  live-stock  market. 

The  Denver  Union  Stock  Yards,  established  in  1886,  have  ever 
since  had  an  annually  increasing  business,  in  1912  handling  378,- 
408  cattle,  37.409  calves,  221,718  hogs,  776,760  sheep,  14,918  horses 
and  mules ;  aggregating  18,400  cars. 

The  raisers  of  live  stock  in  Colorado  and  the  adjoining  States 
market  their  young  and  lean  stock  in  Denver,  while  the  live-stock 
men  of  Colorado  who  make  a  specialty  of  feeding  for  the  market, 
market  their  fat  stock  in  Denver. 

The  Denver  Union  Stock  Yards  have  about  100  acres  in  open 
pens  or  under  cover. 

Adjoining  the  Yards  are  a  number  of  slaughtering  and  pack- 
ing establishments. 

POULTRY 

The  last  U.  S.  Census  Report  contains  the  following  items  on 
Colorado  poultry  (April  15th,  1910),  34,491  farms  reporting: 

Total  number  of  fowls :     1910,  1,721,445 ;  1900,  1,017,120. 

Number  of  chickens :     1910,  1,644,471 ;  1900,  968,761. 

Number  of  turkeys :     1910,  26,430 ;  1900,  30,781. 

Number  of  ducks :     1910,  12,250 ;  1900,  15,002. 

Number  of  geese :     1910,  4,455 ;  1900,  2,576. 

Similar  information  is  given  as  to  guinea  fowls,  pigeons,  pea 
fowls  and  pheasants. 

As  a  result  of  enterprising,  public-spirited  Poultry  Associa- 
tions and  their  Annual  Shows,  increasing  attention  is  being  given 
to  the  poultry  industry,  and  the  numbers  kept  have  increased  since 
the  last  Census  Report. 

45 


The  fact  remains  that  the  State  is  annually  importing  from 
other  State  $4,000,000  worth  of  poultry  products,  leaving  a  large 
and  profitable  field  for  the  development,  by  the  right  kind  of  par- 
ties, of  the  industry  in  Colorado. 

BEES 

The  last  U.  S.  Census  Report  contains  the  following  items 
on  the  Colorado  bee  industry,  the  number  of  farms  reporting 
being  3,563,  or  about  seven  farms  in  every  100 : 

Colonies  of  bees:  1910,  71,434;  1900,  59,750;  increase,  19.5 
per  cent. 


4 

eta  %<"( >'&?*'■     -gssj"*^"~ 

ff*p»^-      -  *  "  «-■ '     —^r-"w- 

A  Colorado  Apiary 

Value  of  bees:  1910,  $308,608;  1900,  $195,096;  increase,  58.2 
per  cent. 

Average  value  of  bees  per  farm  reporting :  1910,  $86.61  ; 
1900,  $43.18;  increase,  100  per  cent. 

Colorado  is  a  large  producer  of  honey,  much  of  which  is 
shipped  to  other  States. 

There  is  an  active  and  efficient  Colorado  State  Bee-Keepers' 
Association,  and  the  State  provides  efficient  Bee  Inspection. 

FARM  LABOR  COST 

The  Crop  Report,  March,  1913,  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  states  that  in  Colorado  the  average  cost  of  farm 
labor,  per  month,  with  board,  is  $28.90,  as  compared  with  an 
average  of  $20.81  for  the  United  States  and  an  average  for  the 
Western  States  of  $32.96. 

The  Report  shows  that  the  crops  of  the  West  can  afford 
and  do  pay  higher  farm  wages  than  any  other  section  of  the 
United  States,  and  so  offer  a  better  opportunity  for  sturdy  young 
immigrants  to  get  a  start  in  the  world. 

46 


■■■■■ 


The  Sweet  Brothers'  Farm  (Altitude,  6,200  Feet) 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 


A  COLORADO   EXAMPLE  OF   SCIENTIFIC  PABMING 

It  is  gratifying  to  show  what  is  being  done  by  brains  and 
money — particularly  brains — in  Colorado  farming;  viz.:  A  farm 
that  nets  considerably  over  #50  per  acre  per  annum  (after  charg- 
ing interest  on  capital!  ;  the  average  crop  yields,  by  entire  fields, 
being:  wheat,  56  bushels  per  acre,  weighing  62  pounds  per  bushel 
(standard.  60  pounds)  ;  oats.  107  bushels  per  acre,  weighing  46 
pounds  -per  bushel  (standard,  32  pounds)  ;  barley,  85  bushels 
per  acre,  weighing  60  pounds  per  bushel ;  potatoes,  500  bushels 
per  acre;  as  against  the  following  averages:  Germany.  200; 
United  Kingdom,  200;  Colorado,  130;  United  States,  91. 

In  1906  the  Sweet  Brothers  acquired,  at  low  cost,  2,500 
acres  of  land,  mostly  sagebrush,  near  Carbondale,  Garfield 
County,  Colorado.  Of  this,  over  1,000  acres  have  been  for  several 
years  under  irrigation  and  cultivation.  They  built  an  irrigation 
system  and  numerous  up-to-date  buildings. 

It  is  now  the  model  farm  of  Colorado  for  productiveness  and 
profit  per  acre,  five  contributing  causes  being:  (1)  deep, 
thorough  tillage;  (2)  proper  rotation  of  crops;  (3)  humus  or 
organic  matter  added  to  the  soil;  (4)  carefully  selected  good 
seed;  (5)  business  management. 

The  six-year  rotation  of  crops  (after  thorough  preparation 
of  soil)  is  as  follows: 

47 


First  year:  Drilling  grain  (say,  heavy  Scotch  oats  weigh- 
ing from  44  to  50  pounds  per  bushel)  N.  and  S.,  3  inches  deep, 
80  pounds  per  acre;  immediately  afterwards  drilling,  E.  and  W., 
one  inch  deep,  12  pounds  of  alfalfa  seed  and  5  pounds  of  timothy 
seed  per  acre.  The  mixed  crop  is  cut  about  August  1st;  then 
irrigating  the  alfalfa,  the  subsequent  growth  being  left  to  protect 
the  crowns  through  the  winter. 

Second  Year:  Three  cuttings  of  alfalfa,  aggregating. 4  tons 
per  acre. 

Third  Year:  Three  cuttings  of  alfalfa,  aggregating  4  tons 
per  acre. 

Fourth  Year:  Two  cuttings  of  alfalfa;  plowing  the  third 
growth  under,  4%  inches  deep,  containing  more  organic  matter 
for  the  soil  than  20  tons  of  farm  manure. 

Fifth  Year:  Plowed  10  inches  deep,  thoroughly  prepared 
and  planted  with  potatoes. 

Sixth  Year:     Potatoes. 

Seventh  Year:     The  same  as  the  first  year. 

In  this  way,  each  year  one-half  of  the  farm  is  in  alfalfa, 
one-third  in  potatoes  and  one-sixth  in  mixed  grain,  alfalfa  and. 
timothy. 

Live  stock  is  kept,  averaging  in  number  60  horses,  750  fat- 
tening cattle  and  nearly  300  hogs.  All  "roughage"  produced  on 
the  farm  is  fed  to  the  live  stock,  and  every  pound  of  farm  manure 
put  into  the  land. 

The  potatoes  from  this  farm,  on  account  of  high  quality, 
are  sold  to  leading  hotels  and  the  railroad  dining-car  services 
in  a  number  of  States,  and  also  at  high  prices  for  seed.  The 
wheat,  oats,  etc.,  also  on  account  of  high  quality,  from  this 
farm,  find  ready  sale  at  high  prices,  especially  for  seed. 

What  is  being  done  on  this  farm  can  be  done  on  other  and 
smaller  Colorado  farms  by  using  the  same  methods. 

More  Farmers  and  Better  Farming  Methods  Needed — 

While  Colorado,  as  before  shown,  excels  other  American 
States  in  the  yield  per  acre  of  the  seven  ordinary  farm  crops 
(except  corn),  better  forming  methods  (such  as  those  on  the 
Sweet  farm  hereinbefore  stated)  should  enable  the  deep,  prac- 
tically virgin  soils  of  Colorado  to  yield  as  well  as  the  soils  of 
Europe,  farmed  for  centuries  and  kept  fertile  by  thorough  culti- 
vation, rotation  of  crops  and  frequent  fertilizing. 

Action  by  the  Denver  Chamber  of  Commerce — 

The  Denver  Chamber  of  Commerce,  recognizing  that  the  best 
way  to  build  up  Denver  is  to  "Build  Colorado  First,"  has 
inaugurated  and  is  conducting  a  "Greater  Colorado"  movement 
(of  which  Mr.  E.  J.  Yetter,  President  of  the  Chamber,  is  Presi- 
dent), among  the  objects  of  which  are:  (1)  to  attract  more  farm- 
ers to  Colorado,  and  (2)  to  promote  better  farming  methods  by 

48 


those  already  here,  including  (a)  greater  productiveness;  (b) 
maximum  utilization  of  all  products  and  corresponding  avoid- 
ance of  waste;  (c)  increased  storage,  canning,  etc.,  facilities;  (d) 
better  marketing  methods  in  the  interest  of  both  producer  and 
Consumer. 

County  Agricultural  Experts — 

Some  of  the  Counties  are  already  employing  Agricultural 
Bxperts  (in  co-operation  with  the  Office  of  Farm  Management, 
I".  s.  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the  State  Agricultural  Col- 
lege) to  instruct  the  farmers  of  such  Counties  in  the  latest, 
practical  farming  methods.    Other  Counties  are  about  to  do  so. 

Action  by  the  State  Bankers'  Association — 

The  Colorado  State  Bankers'  Association  has  appointed  Mr. 
George  T.  Wells,  of  the  Denver  National  Bank,  representative  of 
I  he  Association  in  the  ''Greater  Colorado''  movement  of  the  Den- 
ver Chamber  of  Commerce,  on  account  of  his  personal  familiar 
ity  with  Colorado  agricultural  conditions. 

The  Bankers  throughout  the  State  will  use  their  local  influ- 
ence in  the  employment  by  Counties  of  Agricultural  Experts, 
encouraging  farmers  to  the  extent  of  extending  credit  commen- 
surate with  the  degree  of  efficiency  manifested  by  the  farmer. 

FERTILIZERS 

The  1010  U.  S.  (  Vnsus  Report  shows  that  only  one  out  of  every 
100  Colorado  farmers  reported  that  he  purchased  fertilizers.  The 
total  amount  reported  as  paid  for  fertilizers  showed  an  increase 
of  103.1  per  cent  since  1899.  the  average  per  farm  reporting  be- 
ing 1109.13. 

The  Report  does  not  specifically  define  the  "fertilizer"  re- 
ferred to,  whether  manufactured  commercial  fertilizer  or  other- 
wise. 

The  use  of  ordinary  farm-yard  manure,  where  obtainable, 
is  general;  also  the  plowing  under  of  clover,  field  peas,  etc.;  but 
the  use  of  "fertilizer"  is  open  to  material  increase. 


(4)  49 


Horticulture 


According  to  the  1910  U.  S.  Census,  there  were  2,947,920 
trees  and  vines  of  bearing  age  in  the  orchards  of  Colorado,  and 
3,151,784  trees  and  vines  not  then  of  bearing  age,  meaning  the 
doubling  of  the  fruit  crop  so  soon  as  they  reach  full  bearing. 

The  annual  value  of  the  Colorado  fruit  crop  varies,  with  the 
seasons  (depending  on  yields  and  prices),  usually  aggregating 
from  |5,000,000  to  $7,000,000: 

Conditions  in  1912  demonstrated  the  need  for  better  market- 
ing methods  and  local  facilities  for  preserving  or  otherwise  util- 
izing fruit. 


Fruit  Packing  House  in  Western  Colorado 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 

All  the  farming  Counties  grow  more  or  less  fruit,  but  the 
leading  fruit-growing  counties  are :  Boulder,  Delta,  Denver,  Fre- 
mont, Garfield,  Larimer,  Mesa,  Montezuma,  Montrose,  Morgan, 
Otero,  Prowers,  Pueblo,  Weld. 

The  following  particulars  from  four  of  the  Counties — Boul- 
der and  Fremont  in  Eastern  Colorado,  and  Delta  and  Montrose 
in  Western  Colorado — are  instructive. 

The  Annual  Report  of  the  Colorado  State  Board  of  Horticul- 
ture for  1911  (that  for  1912  not  yet  being  published)  contains 
the  following  information  as  to  acreage,  yields,  prices,  etc.,  in 
1911,  in  such  four  Counties: 

50 


Apple  Orchard— Grown  Without  Irrigation— by  E.  R.  Parsons,  Parker,  Colo. 

Houlder  County — 

Fruit-bearing  orchards,  1,500  acres;  not  yet  bearing,  700 
acres;  250  cars  of  fruit  produced,  of  which  220  were  apples. 
Average  price  of  apples  per  box,  fancies,  f.o.b.  cars,  $1;  choice, 
85  cents.  Average  yield  of  apples,  350  boxes  per  acre.  Cherries, 
five  cars,  $2.10  per  crate.  Plums,  $1  per  crate.  Small  fruits, 
HUIOO  crates;  strawberries,  $2.50  per  crate;  raspberries,  $2.10; 
blackberries,  $2.40. 


View  from  Westminster  Hill,  Near  Denver 


Delta  County 


Fruit-bearing  orchards,  14,000  acres;  not  yet  bearing,  20,000 
acres;  2,800  cars  of  fruit  produced;  viz.,  apples,  1,320;  peaches, 
1,450;  cherries,  10;  other  fruits  (not  small  fruits),  15;  small 
fruits,  five. 


51 


Fremont  County — 

Fruit-bearing  orchards,  3,500  acres;  not  yet  bearing,  5,000 
acres;  1,300  cars  of  fruit  produced,  of  which  1,100  were  apples. 
Average  price  of  apples  per  box  (50  pounds),  fancy,  Ben  Davis, 
85  cents;  other  better  varieties,  $1.20;  choice,  60  to  85  cents. 
Average  yield  of  apples,  450  boxes  per  acre.  Average  price  of 
peaches  per  box,  $1.  Cherries,  50  cars  produced;  average  price 
per  crate,  $1.90.  Average  price  of  pears  per  box,  $1.50.  Plums 
per  crate,  60  cents.  Small  fruits,  50,000  crates  produced;  aver- 
age prices  per  crate,  strawberries,  $2.65;  raspberries,  $1.50; 
blackberries,  $1.75. 

Montrose  County — 

Fruit-bearing  orchards,  3,665  acres;  not  yet  bearing,  2,690 
acres;  600  cars  of  fruit  produced,  of  which  555  were  apples. 
Average  price  of  apples,  from  $1.25  to  $1.60  per  box  fancy  and 
90  cents  for  choice.  Average  yield  of  apples,  480  boxes  per  acre. 
Peaches,  32  cars,  fetching  from  70  cents  to  80  cents  per  crate. 
Cherries,  six  cents  per  pound;  pears,  $1.60  per  box.  Per  crate, 
plums,  75  cents;  strawberries,  $2.40;  raspberries,  $4;  blackber- 
ries, $4. 


f  Typical  Orchard  in  Western  Colorado 

Courtesy  of  Colorado  Midland  Railway 


52 


Manufactures 


The  natural  and  inevitable  tendency  is  for  factories  to  follow 
population  Westward,  especially  in  the  cases  where  the  raw  ma 
terials  exist  in  the  West  and.  by  means  of  cheap  fuel,  can  be  1 1 •<> 
nomieally  manufactured  for  the  supply  of  the  ever-growing  West- 
ern market. 

The  extent  of  the  manufacturing  industries  in  Colorado  is  not 
usually  realized,  and  general  statements  on  the  subject  are  often 
received  with  doubt.     Particulars  for  1912  are  not  obtainable  bv 


Colorado  Fuel  &  Iron  Co.  Steel  Works  at  Pueblo 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 

anything  less  than  an  Official  Census,  and  the  last  U.  S.  Census  on 
the  subject  was  in  1909.  Since  1909  there  has  been  an  increase 
proportionate  to  that  from  1904  to  1909. 

Wonderful  Growth  in  Five  Years — 

The  1910  U.  S.  Census  Bulletin  gives  the  following  particu- 
lars as  to  the  progress  of  Colorado  manufacturing  industries  in  the 
period  1904-1909 : 

Number  of  establishments :     1904,  1.606 ;  1909,  2,034.     ' 

Persons  engaged  therein  :     1904,  25,888 ;  1909,  34,115. 

Proprietors  and  firm  members:     1904,  1,398;  1909,  1,722. 

Salaried  employes :     19Q4,  2,677 ;  1909,  4,326. 

Wage-earners  (average  number)  :     1904,  21,813;  1909,  28.067. 


Primary  horse-power:     1904,  124,907;  1909,  154,615. 

Capital :     1904,  $107,664,000 ;  1909,  $162,668,000. 

Salaries :     1904,  $3,549,000 ;  1909,  $5,648,000. 

Wages :     1904,  $15,100,000 ;  1909,  $19,912,000. 

Cost  of  materials :     1904,  $63,114,000 ;  1909,  $80,491,000. 

Value  of  products:    1904,  $100,144,000;  1909,  $130,044,000. 

Value  added  by  manufacturing:  1904,  $37,030,000;  1909, 
$49,553,000. 

Of  the  2,034  manufacturing  establishments  in  Colorado  in 
1909,  766  were  in  Denver,  94  in  Pueblo,  59  in  Colorado  Springs 
and  30  in  Trinidad. 


J  -j*< 


E  and  W  Ends— Plant  of  Western  Chemical  Mfg.  Co.,  Denver 

Three  Leading  Industries — 

Three  of  the  leading  Colorado  manufacturing  industries  are? 

(1)  The  steel  plant  at  Pueblo  of  the  Colorado  Fuel  &  Iron 
Company,  which  (irrespective  of  its  coal  and  iron  mines,coke  ovens, 
lime  quarries,  etc.)  employs  an  average  of  4,000  men  in  its  steel 
plant  alone.  During  1912  the  plant  turned  out  over  485.000  tons 
of  finished  steel  products,  of  the  value  of  over  $15,000,000,  90  per 
cent  of  which  products  were  sold  outside  Colorado  in  the  States 
between  the  Missouri  River  and  the  Pacific.     Including  its  coal 

55 


mines,  etc.,  the  Company  pays  f  10,000,000  in  wages  annually,  and 
40  per  cent  of  the  coal  mined  by  the  Company  is  used  (mostly  in 
*  the  form  of  coke)  in  its  steel  plant. 

(2)  The  American  Smelting  &  Refining  Company  (besides 
large  plants  in  other  States)  owns  and  operates  large  smelting 
plants  in  Denver,  Durango,  Leadville  and  Pueblo,  treating  gold, 
silver,  lead  and  copper-bearing  ores;  also  coal  mines  and  coke 
ovens,  producing  the  coke  used  in  the  smelters.  In  such  con- 
cerns the  Company  has  about  4,000  employes  (including  office 
force) ,  representing  with  their  families  about  20,000  persons.  An 
auxiliary  Company — the  United  States  Zinc  Company — with  plant 
at  Pueblo,  furnishes  a  Colorado  market  for  all  zinciferous  ores 
carrying  a  minimum  of  about  30  per  cent  zinc,  extracting  such 
zinc  and  turning  the  gold,  silver,  lead  and  copper-bearing  portions 
of  such  zinciferous  ores  over  for  treatment  at  the  other  smelters. 


Coors'  Brewery,  Golden 

(3)  The  beet-sugar  factories,  17  in  number,  at  different  Colo- 
rado points,  during  the  factory  season  (of  about  130  davs)  treat 
ing  the  1912  crop,  .paid  f 2,325,000  to  factory  labor  alone.^ 

Among  the  other  prominent  industries  are:  breweries,  can- 
ning factories,  cement  factories,  creameries  and  cheese  factories, 
flouring  and  grist  mills,  foundries  and  machine  shops,  railroad 
shops,  slaughtering  and  packing  plants,  etc.,  etc. 

Shipments  to  Foreign  Countries — 

Colorado  specialties,  in  mining,  etc.,  machinery,  have  for  years 
past  been  exported  to  practically  every  mining  district  in  the 
world. 

56 


For  instance,  within  the  past  few  years  the  Colorado  Iron 
Works  Company.  Denver,  lias  supplied  special  smelting  furnaces 
to  Belgium,  Chili,  the  Dutch  Bast  Indies.  England,  Germany. 
Greece,  Holland.  Japan.  Mexico.  Tasmania,  etc 

The  Denver  Rock  Drill  &  Machinery  Company,  with  factory 
in  Denver,  has  branch  selling  establishments  in  Johannesburg, 
South  Africa;  Melbourne,  Australia;  and  St.  Petersburg,  Russia. 
During  1912.  either  from  Denver  or  from  one  of  the  above 
branches,  drills,  etc..  were  sold  to  many  foreign  countries. 

During  the  past  few*  years,  also,  Proske  Drill  Sharpeners, 
manufactured  in  Denver,  have  been  shipped  to  more  than  20 
foreign  countries. 

Openings  for  New  Factories — 

The  railroads  are  increasingly  recognizing  Denver  and  other 
Colorado  points  as  manufacturing  and  distributing  centers. 


Beet  Sugar  Factory  at  Steiln 


Ordinary  Colorado-manufactured  goods  are  now  increasingly 
marketed  in  fifteen  other  States  and  in  the  Republic  of  Mexico. 

Every  year  sees  marked  increase  in  the  importance  of  Colo- 
rado factories. 

Colorado  presents  good  openings,  amongst  other  things,  for 
canning  ajid  cheese  factories,  glass  factories,  shoe  factories,  white- 
ware  pottery,  woolen  mill,  knitting  factory,  stocking  factory,  tan- 
nery, etc.  Parties  of  practical  experience  in  the  above  lines  and 
with  sufficient  capital,  wishing  further  information,  would  do  well 
to  communicate  with  the  Colorado  Manufacturers'  Association, 
Chamber  of  Commerce  Building,  Denver. 

NOTE. — Switzerland,  like  Colorado,  has  no  canals  or  navigable 
rivers  and  is  remote  from  the  sea  coast,  yet  has  built  up  important  man- 
ufacturing industries — textile,  watch-making,  etc. — employing  hundreds 
of  thousands  of  persons. 

57 


Mineral  Industries 


The  aggregate  value  of  the  annual  output  of  the  mineral 
industries  of  Colorado — cement,  clay,  coal,  lime,  gypsum,  metal- 
liferous minerals,  petroleum,  stone,  etc. — approximates  $100,- 
000,000. 

CEMENT 

The  manufacture  of  high-grade  Portland  cement  in  Colorado, 
following  the  ever-increasing  demand,  is  proportionately  on  the 


Plant  of  U.  S.  Portland  Cement  Co.  at  Concrete,  Colo. 

increase,  and  there  are  two  large  factories  in  Fremont  County; 
viz.,  those  of  the  Colorado  Portland  Cement  Company  and  the 
United  States  Portland  Cement  Company. 


Plant  of  Denver  Sewer  Pipe  &  Clay  Co.,  Denver 
58 


CLAY 

At  various  points  in  Colorado,  more  particularly  along  the 
Eastern  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  (at  Golden,  for  instance), 
are  found  deposits  of  clay  which,  for  etxent,  diversity  and  qual- 
ity, are  unsurpassed  in  America. 

They  are  used  for  the  manufacture  of  ordinary  building 
brick,  pressed  and  ornamental  brick  in  many  shades  and  colors, 
paving  brick,  fire  brick,  assayers'  supplies,  Roman  building  tile, 
roofing  tile,  flooring  tile,  pottery,  sewer  pipe,  stone  ware,  etc. 

Some  of  these  products  are  shipped  extensively  by  the  car- 
load to  other  and  even  distant  States,  and  fire-clay  goods  (as- 
sayers' supplies,  etc.)   to  foreign  countries. 

COAL 
NOTE. — In  Switzerland  "little  or  no  coal  is  mined." 

Colorado  possesses  inexhaustible  coal  reserves.  A  conserva- 
tive estimate  shows  the  actual  coal  fields  to  cover  more  than 
18,000  square  miles.  They  lie  on  both  sides  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.    As  a  result,   fuel   in   Colorado  is  comparatively   cheap. 

The  Northeastern  field,  in  Boulder  and  adjoining  Counties, 
carries  an  excellent,  ordinary  and  cheap  fuel  in  its  non-coking 
lignitic  coal.  The  chief  towns  of  this  field  are  Lafayette,  Louis- 
ville, etc.    The  El  Paso  field  is  also  of  this  character. 

The  Southeastern  field,  extending  from  Canon  City  to  Trini- 
dad, carries  a  bituminous  coal,  one-half  the  area  being  coking, 
the  remainder  domestic.  The  chief  towns  of  this  field  are  Chand- 
ler, Coal  Creek,  Rockvale,  etc.,  in  Fremont  County;  Pictou, 
Rouse,  Walsenburg,  etc.,  in  Huerfano  County;  Berwind,  Coke- 
dale,  Hastings,  Primero,  etc.,  in  Las  Animas  County. 

The  Southwestern  field,  around  Durango,  is  of  much  the 
same  character,  producing  both  domestic,  bituminous  and  coking 
coal. 

The  Northwestern  or  Grand  River  field  bears  a  variety  of 
coal — bituminous,  coking,  some  anthracite — the  bulk  of  it  being 
domestic,  non-coking  coal.  The  chief  towns  of  this  field  are: 
Crested  Butte,  in  Gunnison  County;  Cardiff,  Newcastle,  etc.,  in 
Garfield  County. 

The  Yampa  field,  in  Moffat  and  Routt  Counties  in  North 
western  Colorado,  is  1,200  square  miles  in  area,  carrying  bitu- 
minous and  semi-anthracite  coal.  This  field  is  as  yet  only  opened 
on  its  Eastern  edge,  at  the  towns  of  Oak  Creek,  etc.,  but  will  be 
traversed  through  its  center  by  the  proposed  extension  Westward 
from  Steamboat  Springs  of  the  Denver,  Northwestern  and  Pacific 
Railway — commonly  known  as  the  "Moffat"  Road. 

Colorado  Coal  Production  in  1912 — 

The  annual  coal  output  of  Colorado  in  1873  was  only  69,977 
tons.  In  1912  it  was  over  11,000,000  tons,  worth  at  the  mines 
about  $16,500,000. 

59 


Pinon  Coal  Mine,  Huerfano  County,  Showing  Head  Frame  and  Coal  Washer 
Courtesy  of  Rocky  Mountain  Fuel  Co. 

The  Annual  Keport  for  1912  of  the  State  Inspector  of  Coal 
Mines  shows  the  ten  leading  coal-producing  Counties  and  their 
respective  tonnages  (in  round  figures)  were:  (1)  Las  Animas, 
4,770,000;  (2')  Huerfano,  1,889,000;  (3)  Boulder,  1,053,000;  (4) 
Fremont,  733,000;  (5)  Gunnison,  559,000;  (6)  Weld,  489,000; 
(7)  Routt,  441,000;  (8)  El  Paso,  341,000;  (9)  Garfield,  178,000; 
(10)  La  Plata,  121,000. 

A  large  percentage  of  the  coal  produced  is  shipped  to  other 
States. 

Coal  Miners'  Earnings — 

Taking  seven  mines  in  the  Southeastern  field,  the  average 
earnings  of  the  men  working  20  davs  or  more  during  January, 
1913,  were  $3.93  per  day. 

A  large  majority  of  the  men,  who  worked  25  days  or  more, 
earned  considerably  more  than  $100  for  the  month. 

Of  six  men,  for  the  year  1912,  four,  working  the  entire  year, 
each  earned  over  $1,800,  or  an  average, of  about  $152  per  month; 
the  fifth  man  worked  nine  months,  earning  $1,359.13,  an  average 
of  $151.01  per  month;  and  the  sixth  man  worked  three  months, 
earning  $474.42,  an  average  of  $158.14  per  month. 


METALLIFEROUS  MINING 

NOTE. — In    Switzerland    "few   metallic    deposits    are    found 
which  exist  cannot  be  worked." 


those 


Metalliferous  mining  has  ever  been,  and  will  continue  to  be, 
one  of  the  leading  industries  of  Colorado.  The  gold  in  Cherry 
('reek  and  other  streams  brought  the  first  appreciable  immigra- 
tion of  white  men  to  Colorado  in  1859. 


60 


Past  Production — 

Official  statistics  of  the  Colorado  State  Bureau  of  Mines  show 
that  Colorado  produced  from  1869  to  December  :'»lst.  L912,  at  the 

current  market  prices  for  the  metals  over  one  billion  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty-seven  million  five  hundred  and  forty-three  thou- 
sand ($1,187,543,000)  dollars,  of  which  the  following  are  the  lead- 
in  »•  items: 

Gold    .$525,226,307 

Silver    433,486,844 

Lead    151,373,353 

Zinc  (since  1901)    47,308,420 

Copper    29,755,733 

Other  items  being  tungsten,  uranium,   vanadium,  etc. 


Chamberlain  &  Dillingham  Ore  Sampler,  and  Ore  Wagons,  Idaho  Springs 


F  i  tv re  Prodi i ct ion — 

The  past  production  was  mostly  from-  high-grade  and  me- 
dium-grade ores,  as  there  were  formerly  no  known  methods  of 
profitably  extracting  the  values  from  low-grade  ores.  All  that 
is  now  changed.  Modern  metallurgy  is  now  profitably  treating 
ores  ranging  less  than  f  10  per  ton,  at  many  points  in  the  State. 
For  every  ton  of  ore  averaging  $100  that  was  ever  mined  in  Colo- 
rado, there  are  probably  500  tons  of  ore  averaging  $10  per  ton 
that  can  now  be  profitably  mined,  treated  and  marketed. 

Irrespective  of  new  discoveries  of  high-  and  medium-grade 
ores  constantly  being  made  at  different  places,  the  low-grade  ores 
of  Colorado,  now  amenable  to  profitable  treatment,  indicate  that 
the  future  metalliferous  mineral  production  of  the  State  will 
equal  its  wonderful  past  production. 

61 


Modern  Concentrating  Mill  (Exterior  and  Interior),  in  Gilpin  County, 
of  Prontenac  Cons.  Mines  Co.,  Ltd. 


Production  in  1912 — 

The  1912  Annual  Report  of  the  Colorado  State  Bureau  of 
Mines  states  the  production  for  1912  to  have  been : 

Gold    $18,691,577.26 

Silver 5,023,960.75 

Lead    3,280,702.62 

Copper    1,445,416.44 

Zinc 8,591,623.73 

$37,033,280.80 

Tungsten  (Boulder  County)    525,000.00 

Vanadium   (San  Miguel  County) 666,500.00 

Uranium  and  vanadium   <  .Montrose  County) 245,812.50 

Total    $38,470,593.30 


Colorado  School  of  Mines  Experimental  Ore-Dressing  and 
Metallurgical  Plant,  Golden 

The  following  statistics  are  taken  from  the  Report  for  1912 
of  the  Colorado  State  Bureau  of  Mines : 


Counties  Producing  Over-  f  1,000,000  Each — 

(1)  Lake  (Leadville),  111.269,691;  (2)  Teller  (Cripple 
Creek),  $11,055,174;  (3)  San  Miguel  (Telluride),  $3,852,062;  (4) 
San  Juan  (Silverton),  $1,733,721;  (5)  Ouray,  $1,666,263;  (6) 
Summit,  $1,433,150;  (7)  Gilpin,  $1,379,404;  (8)  Clear  Creek,  $1,- 
202,472. 

63 


Five  Leading  Gold-Producing  Counties — 

(1)  Teller  (Cripple  Creek),  $11,012,084;  (2^  San  Miguel 
(Telluride),  $2,400,050;  (3)  Lake  (Leadville),  $1,132,507;  .4) 
Ouray,  $1,096,097;    (5)   Gilpin,  $874,395. 

Five  Leading  Silver-Producing  Counties — 

(1)  Lake  (Leadville),  $1,812,572;  (2)  San  Miguel  (Tellu- 
ride), $717,038;  (3)  Mineral  (Creede),  $435,655;  (4)  Ouray,  $344,- 
429;  (5)  Pitkin  (Aspen),  $321,838. 

Five  Leading  Lead-Producing  Counties — 

(1)  Lake  (Leadville),  $1,105,979;  (2)  San  Juau  (Silverton), 
$398,124;  (3)  Pitkin  (Aspen),  $375,154;  (4)  San  Miguel  (Tellu- 
ride),  $339,270;  (5)  Clear  Creek,  $216,701. 

Five  Leading  Copper-Producing  Counties — 

(1)  Lake  (Leadville),  $461,271;  (2)  Gilpin,  $232,276;  (3) 
San  Juan  (Silverton),  $215,211;  (4)  San  Miguel  (Telluride), 
$143,841;  (5)  Dolores  (Rico),  $110,769. 


Reiling-  Gold  Dredge,  Summit  County 

Five  Leading  Zinc-Producing  Counties — 

(1)  Lake  (Leadville),  $6,757,360;  (2)  Summit,  $749,869 ;  (3) 
Fagle,  $362,905;  San  Miguel  (Telluride),  $251,860;  (5)  Clear 
Creek,  $106,333. 

Evolution  of  Mining  and  Ore  Treatment — 

The  history  of  mining  and  ore  treatment  in  Colorado,  more 
particularly  in  recent  years,  is  a  remarkable  instance  of  evolution 
in  all  lines. 

Colorado,  as  compared  with  formerly,  now  possesses  great 
jHlvantages  in  all  the  important  factors  of  successful  and  profit- 
able mining,  briefly  stated  as  follows : 

64 


(1)  Railroads  running  to  practically  every  mining  district, 
with  general  reduction  of  railroad  freight  rates  of  from  25  to 
50  per  cent,  as  compared  with  formerly. 

(2)  Improved  wagon  roads  connecting  mines  with  railroads. 

(3)  Improvements  in  smelting  methods,  resulting  in  reduced 
charges,  higher  saving  of  values,  and  rendering  profitable  ore  too 
low  grade  to  be  formerly  available. 

(4)  Improvements  in  stamp-amalgamation  and  concentra- 
tion, attended  by  the  same  results  as  the  improved  smelting  meth- 
ods. 

(5)  The  introduction  and  remarkable  evolution  of  the  cya- 
nide process  of  ore  treatment. 

(6)  The  evolution  since  1901  in  the  separation  of  the  zinc 
contents  in  mixed  ores. 

(7)  The  utilization  of  the  mountain  streams  in  some  cases, 
and  of  cheap  fuel  in  others,  for  the  generation  and  transmission 


Plant  of  Empire  Zinc  Co.  at  Canon  City 

of  electricity,  and  its  utilization  for  power  and  lighting  purposes 
at  mines  and  mills,  at  great  saving  in  cost  as  compared  with 
steam  power. 

(8)  The  utilization  of  compressed  air  and  electric  power 
for  the  operation  of  machine  drills,  and  the  great  improvement 
in  the  drills  themselves. 

(9)  The  utilization  of  the  diamond  drill  for  prospecting  pur 
poses. 

(10)  The  improvements  in  hoisting  plants,  mine  pumps,  etc. 

(11)  Proximity  to  Denver,  the  great  mining  machinery 
center. 

(12)  Local  high-class  talent,  covering  the  entire  field  of 
geology,  mineralogy,  metallurgy,  mining,  mechanical,  hydraulic 
and  electrical  engineering,  etc. 

All  the  above  progress  and  improvements  have  reduced  cost 
of  production  and  rendered  profitable  ore  too  low-grade  to  be 
formerly  available. 

(5)  65 


PETROLEUM 

The  1912  Report  of  the  Colorado  Bureau  of  Mines  states  that 
on  December  31st,  1912,  there  were  56  producing  wells  around 
Florence,  Fremont  County,  and  20  producing  wells  near  Boulder, 
Boulder  County;  the  output  for  1912  aggregating  over  200,000 
barrels',  and  the  value  of  the  refined  products  for  1912  being  over 
1375,000. 

STONE 

For  extent,  diversity  and  quality  of  stone,  the  quarries  of 
Colorado  are  unsurpassed. 

The  white,  pink  and  gray  lava  stones  of  Douglas  County  have 
been  extensively  used  for  building  purposes. 

The  white,  gray,  brown  and  red  sandstones  of  many  shades, 
found  in  Boulder,  Eagle,  El  Paso,  Gunnison,  Larimer,  Las  Ani 
mas,  Pueblo  and  other  Counties,  some  of  them  especially  suitable 
for  paving  and  others  for  building,  have  an  extensive  local  con- 
sumption and  have  been  shipped  by  the  train  load  to  other  States. 

In  Clear  Creek,  Chaffee,  Fremont,  Gunnison,  Jefferson,  Lari- 
mer and  other  Counties,  Colorado  has  granite  (blue,  gray,  pink, 
purple,  mottled,  etc.)  sufficient  to  build  a  dozen  cities,  and  they 
are  in  increasing  request  for  public  buildings  and  monumental 
work,  both  in  Colorado  and  in  the  States  in  the  valleys  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  Missouri. 


New  U.  S.  Federal  and  Post  Office  Building,  Denver 
Built  of  Colorado-Yule  White  Marble 


MARBLE 

In  Gunnison  County  the  Colorado-Yule  Marble  Company  has 
vast  deposits  of  very  superior  white  marble,  from  which  the  fol- 

66 


lowing  have  been  built  (the  figures  given  being  the  amounts  of  the 
marble  contracts,  not  the  whole  cost  of  the  buildings)  :  New  U. 
S.  Post  Office,  Denver,  f 533,000;  Court  House,  Cleveland,  O.,  $500,- 
000;  Municipal  Building,  New  York  City,  $300,000;  Court  House, 
Youngstown,  O.,  $300,000;  Colorado  State  Museum,  Denver,  $118,- 
000;  County  Court  House.  Omaha.  Neb.,  $111,000.  Other  smaller 
contracts  have  been  executed  for  buildings  in  Arkansas,  Arizona, 
California,  Illinois,  Kansas,  Louisiana,  Missouri,  Minnesota,  Okla- 
homa, Texas,  etc. 


Education 


Colorado  has  a  very  efficient  system  of  public  schools,  the  1912 
Annual  Report  of  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
showing: 

High  Schools,  64;  School  Buildings,  2,678;  School  Rooms, 
5,622;  valuation  of  school  buildings,  $14,281,916;  School  Libraries, 
1,059;  books,  306,228. 

Teachers:  Graded  schools  (male,  601;  female,  3,079),  3,683; 
average  monthly  salary:  males,  $102.45;  female,  $69.01;  Rural 
Schools  (male,  298;  female,  1,744),  2,042;  average  monthly  salary: 
males,  $61.53;  females,  $56.19. 

Pupils — enrollment:  High  Schools,  16,377;  Graded  Schools, 
112,582;  Rural  Schools,  48,469;  (male,  89,932;  female,  87,496;) 
total,  177,428;  average  daily  attendance,  120,326. 

State  Educational  Institutions — 

The  State  University,  Boulder;  the  Coloradu  School  of  Mines, 
Golden;  the  State  Agricultural  College,  Fort  Collins;  the  State 
Normal  School,  Greeley;  the  State  School  for  the  Deaf  and  the 
Blind,  Colorado  Springs. 


Electricity 


Quite  a  number  of  the  cities  and  towns  of  Colorado  have  elec- 
tric lighting  and  electric  street-car  systems,  and  an  era  of  electric 
interurban  street-car  lines  has  been  entered  upon. 

A  Report  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  states  that  the 
streams  of  Colorado  represent  a  minimum  capacity  of  828,400 
H.P.,  and  that  there  is  no  reason  why  at  least  1,000,000  continu- 
ous H.P.  should  not  be  developed. 

67 


As  compared  with  this,  the  present  actual  water  power  devel- 
oped in  Colorado  amounts  to  not  over  70,000  H.P.,  represented  by 
53  hydro-electric  plants. 

In  addition,  there  are  nine  plants  using  fuel  to  generate  elec- 
tricity, with  an  aggregate  of  64,000  H.P. 

In  Colorado  there  are  4,000  industrial  concerns-  (including 
coal  and  metal  mines)  using  electric  power. 

Coal  mines  use  13,500  H.P.,  and  metal  mines  28,000  H.P. 


Colorado  Railroads 


There  are  already  over  5,000  miles  of  railroads  within  the 
boundaries  of  Colorado. 

The  1912  Report  of  the  Colorado  Tax  Commission  states  that 
the  mileage  of  the  principal  railroads  (including  main  lines, 
branches  and  side  tracks,  but  irrespective  of  the  mileage  operated 
over  other  lines)  in  Colorado,  on  December  31st,  1911,  was  as  fol- 
lows : 

Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Ry.    (Standard,  1,391.19;  Narrow,  659.60) . .  .2,050.79 

Colorado  &  Southern  Ry.   (Standard,  626.73;   Narrow,  445.15) 1,071.88 

Union  Pacific  Ry.    (Standard) 805.09 

Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Ry.   (Standard) 785.68 

Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy  Ry.  (Standard) 664.10 

Colorado  Midland  Ry.   (Standard) 337.93 

Denver,  Northwestern  &  Pacific  Ry.    (Standard) 255.00 

Rio    Grande   Southern   Ry.    (Narrow) 205.99 

Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Ry.    (Standard) 187.45 

Missouri  Pacific  Ry.    (Standard) 184.90 

Among  the  shorter  Colorado  railroads  are :  Colorado  Springs 
&  Cripple  Creek  District  Ry.;  Denver,  Boulder  &  Western  Ry. ; 
Denver,  Laramie  &  Northwestern  Ry.;  Florence  &  Cripple  Creek 
Ry.;  Great  Western  Ry. ;  Midland  Terminal  Ry.;  Silverton  Ry. ; 
Uintah  Ry. ;  etc. 


Population 


The  growth  of  population  in  Colorado,  as  shown  by  U.  S.  Cen- 
sus Reports,  has  been  as  follows : 

I860    34,277      1890    412,198 

1870    39,864      1900    539,700 

1880 ; .194,327      1910    799,024 

68 


Character  of  Population — 

According  to  the  U.  S.  Census  Report  for  1910,  the  total  Colo- 
rado population  was  divided  as  follows : 

Native-born    656,564  Japanese    2,300 

Foreign-born    126,851  Indians    1,482 

Whites  773,415  Chinese    373 

Negroes    11,453  Hindoo 1 

A  greater  percentage  of  the  population  of  Colorado  (viz.,  82.2 
per  cent)  was  American-born  and  a  less  percentage  (viz.,  15.9  per 
cent)  foreign-born  than  was  the  case  in  many  of  the  Eastern 
States. 

So,  also,  Colorado  had  a  less  percentage  of  negroes*  (viz.,  1.4 
per  cent)  than  other  States,  irrespective  of  the  Southern  States, 
and  a  less  percentage  of  Orientals  than  any  of  the  Pacific  States. 

As  to  Indians,  Colorado  has  fewer  than  the  State  of  New 
York. 

Nationality  of  Population — 

Of  the  1910  population,  475,136,  or  59.5  per  cent,  were  native 
whites  of  native  parentage,  and  181,428,  or  22.7  per  cent,  were 
native  whites  of  foreign  or  mixed  parentage. 

Of  the  American-born  population,  233,516,  or  34.9  per  cent, 
were  born  in  Colorado  and  65.1  per  cent  outside  the  State,  the  fol- 
lowing ten  States  taking  the  lead : 

Missouri   50,729  Nebraska    24,643 

Illinois   49,964  New  York 22,802 

Iowa   44,276  Pennsylvania   23,596 

Kansas    37,356  Indiana   21,219 

Ohio    30,573  Wisconsin  12,085 

FOREIGN-BORN    POPULATION 

Of  the  1910  foreign-born  population  the  following  countries 
were  the  leading  contributors : 

Great  Britain —  Canada  (other  than  French) .  8,744 

England 12,926  Ireland  8,710 

Scotland 4,269  Denmark   2,755 

Wales  1,989  Mexico  2,543 

Greece 2,270 

19,184  Norway 1,787 

Germany    17,071  Switzerland   1,767 

Italy 14,375  Hungary  1,632 

Russia 13,616  France   1,373 

Austria   13,042  Finland  1,239 

Sweden   12,445 

And  the  rest  from  other  countries. 


69 


Denver— "The  Portal  of  the  West" 


Denver  stands  unrivalled  in  either  hemisphere  for  its  com- 
bination of  advantages,  as:  ilia  place  <>t'  residence;  (2)  a  favor- 
able  point  for  investment;  (3)  a  place  of  unusually  rapid  bin 
solid  growth;  i4i  an  increasing  manufacturing  center;  (5)  a 
cosmopolitan,  energetic  and  enterprising  community;  (6)  its  past 
history,  present  position  and  future  prospects  undoubtedly  des- 
tine it  to  he  ore  of  the  leading  great  <-iti«js  of  the  United  States. 


Welcome  Arch— Opposite  Union  Depot 

A  City  of  Rapid  Growth — 

Population:  IsTii.  4.7.31:  L880,  35,628;  1890,  106,713;  1900, 
133,859;  1910,  213,381.  With  the  development  and  settling  up 
of  its  tributary  country,  now  progressing  rapidly,  Denver  will 
soon  have  a  population  of  500,000. 

Hon.  William  Orton,  long  President  of  the  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Company  and  a  member  of  the  Governing  Committee 
of  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange,  visited  Denver  years  ago  on 
official    hnsiness    and    inspected    every    point    in    Colorado    then 

71 


accessible  by  railroad  car,  travelling  only  by  day.  On  his  return 
to  New  York  he  delivered  an  address,  in  which  he  gave  it  as  his 
opinion  that  "The  four  great  cities  of  this  continent  are  to  be  New 
York,  Chicago,  Denver  and  San  Francisco." 

Benefits  as  Geographical  Center — 

The  country  tributary  to  Denver  (and  within  which  Denver 
lias  no  possible  rival  for  600  miles  in  any  direction)  extends  far 
beyond  the  State  of  Colorado  and  practically  embraces  the  whole 
of  the  territory  West  of  the  Missouri  River,  with  an  area  con- 
siderably greater  than  the  whole  of  the  German  Empire.  Tn  this 
vast  region  every  new  mine  worked,  every  fresh  acre  cultivated, 
every  new  orchard  planted,  every  new  quarry  opened,  all  increases 
in  live  stock  and  every  manufacturing  enterprise  started,  react 
beneficially  on  and  send  new  life-blood  to  the  heart — Denver. 

A  Railroad  Center — 

In  ancient  times  all  roads  led  to  Rome.  In  Western  America 
all  railroads  lead  to  Denver.     Colorado  has  over  5,000  miles  of 


Cheesman  Dam  and  Lake.    Altitude,  nearly  7,000  Feet.    Principal  Source  of 
Water  Supply  of  Denver 
Courtesy  of  Denver  Union  Water  Co. 

railroad,  all  radiating  from  Denver.  A  number  of  interstate 
trunk  lines  run  regular  daily  trains  into  Denver.  Such  trunk 
lines  and  their  connections  aggregate  over  30,000  miles  of  rail- 
road radiating  from  Denver  to  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  ports,  the 
Great  Lakes  and  the  Gulf. 

A  Manufacturing  Center — 

The  1910  U.  S.  Census  Report  states  that  in  1909  there  were 
766  manufacturing  establishments  in  Denver,  with  15,037  persons 
engaged  therein,  since  which  time  there  has  been  proportionate 
increase.     Denver-manufactured  goods  are  increasingly  shipped 

73 


Gas  &  Electric  Building,  Denver,  at  Night 
Courtesy  of  Denver  Gas  &  Electric  Co. 


74 


throughout  the  United  States  and  to  foreign  countries,  and  Den- 
ver is  bound,  with  the  increase  of  population  in  its  tributary 
country,  to  increase  in  importance  as  a  manufacturing  center. 


Sixteenth  Street,  Denver,  Looking  West  from  Stout  Street 
Courtesy  of  Denver  City  Tramway  Co. 

A  Financial  and  Commercial  Center — 

Denver  is  by  far  the  leading  banking  center  between  the 
Missouri. River  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  (Denver  Bank  Clearings 
in  1912,  $191,088,951)   and  the  Western  headquarters  of  all  the 

75 


great  insurance,  mortgage,  investment,  irrigation  companies,  etc., 
.  doing  business  in  Colorado  and  surrounding  States,  and  of  the 
great  majority  of  the  mining  companies  operating  in  Colorado. 

Denver  also  does  a  large  wholesale  or  "jobbing"  business 
($42,000,000  in  1912)  with  the  tributary  country,  and  has  a  com- 
paratively large  number  of  exceptionally  fine  retail  stores. 

An  Educational  Center — 

Denver  is  noted  for  the  excellence  of  its  public  school  system, 
public  school  buildings,  and  library  system  and  buildings.  The 
local  private  educational  establishments  comprise:  Denver  Uni 
versity  (Methodist)  ;  Loretto  Heights  Academy  and  St.  Mary's 
Academy  (both  Catholic)  for  girls;  Sacred  Heart  College  (Jesuit) 
for  boys;  Westminster  University  (Presbyterian)  ;  Wolfe  Hall 
(Episcopalian)  for  young  ladies;  Woman's  College  (Baptist)  ; 
etc.,  etc. 

A  Social  Center — 

Denver  is  deservedly  celebrated  for  its  social  life,  clubs  and 
places  of  amusement.  Clubs :  Country  Club,  Denver  Club,  Denver 
Athletic  Club,  Progress  Club,  Woman's  Club,  University  Club, 
etc.,  etc.    Theaters:   Broadway,  Tabor,  Orpheum,  etc.,  etc. 

A  Tourist  Center — 

Denver  as  a  geographical  and  railroad  center  is  also  a  Tourist 
center,  and  has  many  local  scenic  attractions.  (See  "List  of 
Railroad  Trips"  elsewhere  in  this  book.) 

Up-to-Date  Public  Utilities — 

Denver  has  up-to-date  public  utility  enterprises,  viz.,  (1) 
abundant  supply  of  pure  water  from  the  mountains;  (2)  very 
ample  electric  street  car  system;  (3)  equally  ample  electric 
lighting  and  fuel  gas  systems;  (4)  up-to-date  telephone  system 
connected  with  all  parts  of  Colorado  and  adjoining  States. 


A  Denver  Mercantile  House 
76 


Cities  and  Towns  of  Colorado 

(Statistics  of  Population  from  U.  S.  Census  Reports.) 


IN  THE  SOUTH  PLATTE  VALLEY 

This  valley  comprises  the  Counties  of  Adams,  Arapahoe, 
Boulder,  Denver,  Douglas,  Jefferson,  Logan,  Morgan,  Sedgwick 
and  Weld.  It  has  a  larger  relative  area  of  irrigated  and  culti- 
vated land  than  any  other  section  of  the  State.     It  is  capable  of 


Pearl  Street,  Boulder,  Colo. 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  &  Southern  Railway 

well  maintaining  many  times  its  present  population  and  presents 
exceptional  opportunities  for  home-seekers.  The  following  are  the 
places  having  over  5,000  population : 

Boulder  (County  seat  of  Boulder  County)  :  Population  1890, 
3,330;  1900,  6,150;  1910,  9,539;  altitude  5,335  feet;  30  miles  N.W. 
of  Denver  on  U.  P.  and  C.  &  S.  railways ;  connected  with  Denver 
by  electric  trolley  line.  Beautiful  residential  city,  surrounded 
by  farming,  fruit-growing  and  mining  (coal,  metalliferous  and 
oil)   country.    The  Colorado  State  University  is  located  here. 

Denver.     (See  notice  elsewhere  in  this  book.) 

Fort  Collins  (County  seat  of  Larimer  County)  :  Pop.  1890, 
2,011;  1900,  3,053;  1910,  8,210;  alt.  4,984  feet;  74  miles  N.  of 

77 


Street  Scene,  Fort  Collins,  Colo. 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  &  Southern  Railway 

Denver  on  C.  &  S.  Ry.    The  State  Agricultural  College  is  located 
here,  also  beet-sugar  factory,  etc.     Growing  agricultural  center. 

Greeley  (County  seat  of  Weld  County):  Pop.  1890,  2,395; 
1900,  3,02'3 ;  1910,  8,179 ;  alt.  4,652  feet ;  52  miles  N.  of  Denver  on 
U.  P.  and  C.  &  S.  railways.  The  State  Normal  School  is  located 
here.    Has  beet-sugar  factory,  etc.    Growing  agricultural  center. 

Other  places  are : 


Place  County  1910 

Arvada    Jefferson    840 

Ault Weld    569 

Aurora    Adams-Arapahoe    679 

Berthoud    Larimer   758 

Brighton   Adams     850 


1900 


202 
305 
366 


1890 


228 
306 


Street  Scene,  Greeley,  Colo. 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  &  Southern  Railway 


78 


Brush    Morgan     997 

Castle  Rock    Douglas    365 

Eaton    Weld   1,157 

Edgewater    Jefferson    712 

Englewood    Arapahoe    2,983 

Evans    Weld   600 

Port  Lupton   Wehi    614 

Fort  Morgan    Morgan     2,800 

Golden    Jefferson    2,477 

Johnstown    Weld     198 

Julesburg   Sedgwick    962 

Kersey    Weld    304 

Lafayette    Boulder   1,892 

Littleton   Arapahoe    1,373 

Longmont    Boulder   4,526 

Louisville    Boulder   1,706 

Loveland    Larimer    3,651 

Lyons    Boulder  632 

Platteville   Weld    430 

Sterling    Logan    3,044 

Wellington  Larimer    459 

Windsor    Weld    935 


381 

112 

304 

315 

384 

400 

306 

214 

113 

634 

488 

2,152 

2,383 

371 

202 

970 

"410 

738 

2,201 

1,543 

966 

596 

1,091 

698 

547 

574 

263 

213 

998 

305 


173 


The  Famous  Skyline  Drive,  Canon  City,  Colo. 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 

IX  THE  ARKANSAS  VALLEY 


This  valley  comprises  the  Counties  of  Baca,  Bent,  Chaffee, 
Crowley,  Custer,  El  Paso,  Fremont,  Otero,  Prowers  and  Pueblo. 
It  is  second  only  in  importance  to  the  South  Platte  Valley  in 

79 


Pikes  Peak  Avenue,  Colorado  Springs,  Colo. 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 

the  area  of  irrigated  and  cultivated  land.  It,  also,  is  capable 
of  well  maintaining  many  times  its  present  population  and  pre- 
sents exceptional  opportunities  for  home-seekers.  The  following 
are  the  places  having  over  5,000  population : 

Canon  City  (County  seat  of  Fremont  County)  :  Pop.  1890, 
2,825;  1900,  3,775;  1910,  5,162;  alt.  5,332  feet;  160  miles  from 
Denver  on  the  A.  T.  &  S.  F.  and  D.  &  R.  G.  railways;  mineral 
springs,  fruit-growing,  manufacturing,  scenic  attractions,  etc. 

Colorado  Springs  (County  seat  of  El  Paso  Countv)  :  Pop. 
1880,  4,226;  1890, 11,140;  1900,  21,085;  1910,  29,078;  alt.  5,878  feet; 
74  miles  from  Denver  on  A.  T.  &  S.  F.,  C.  R.  I.  &  P.,  C.  &  S.,  C.  S. 
&  C.  C,  Colo.  Mid.  and  D.  &  R.  G.  railways.  Noted  for  its 
climatic  and  scenic  attractions.  Charming  residential  city  and 
leading  tourist  resort  in  the  State.  The  Colorado  College,  one 
of  the  leading  educational  institutions  of  the  West,  is  located 
here. 

Pueblo  (County  seat  of  Pueblo  County)  :  Pop.  1880,  3,217; 
1890,  24,558;  1900,  28,157;  1910,  44,395;  alt.  4,668  feet;  119  miles 
from  Denver  on  A.  T.  &  S.  F.,  C.  &  S.,  D.  &  R.  G.  and  Mo.  Pac. 
railways.  Second  city  in  the  State.  Manufacturing  and  smelting 
center;  surrounding  country — farming,  fruit-growing,  etc. 

80 


Street  Scene  in  Pueblo,  Colo. 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 

Other  places  are: 

Place  County  1910 

Buena   Vista    Chaffee    1,041 

Coal  Creek   Fremont    676 

Colorado  City    El  Paso    4,333 

Florence    Fremont    2,712 

Fountain    El  Paso   431 

Fowler    Otero   925 

Granada  Prowers    359 

Holly    Prowers    724 

La   Junta    Otero   4,154 

Lamar    Prowers    2,977 

Las  Animas   Bent   2,088 

Manitou    El  Paso    1,357 

Manzanola    Otero    428 

Ordway    Crowley    705 

Rockvale   Fremont    1,413 

Salida    Chaffee    4,425 

South  Canon    Fremont    1,321 

Sugar  City   Otero    808 

Swink  Otero    310 

Williamsburg    Fremont 556 


1900 

1890 

1,006 

698 



2,914 

1,788 

3,728 

204 

163 

364 

2,513 

1,439 

987 

566 

1,192 

611 

1,303 

1,439 

138 

870 

3,722 

2,586 

958 

689 

337 

(6) 


81 


IN  THE  GRAND  VALLEY 

The  valleys  of  the  Grand  River  and  its  tributaries  comprise 
the  Counties  of  Delta,  Eagle,  Garfield,  Gunnison,  Mesa,  Montrose, 
Ouray  and  Pitkin.  There  is  a  large  irrigated  area,  and  fruit 
growing  is  a  leading  industry,  with  considerable  farming,  live 
stock,  etc.  These  valleys  present  exceptional  opportunities  for 
home-seekers.    The  only  town  having  a  population  of  5,000  is — 


Street  Scene  in  Grand  Junction,  Colo. 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 

Grand  Junction  (County  seat  of  Mesa  County)  :  Pop.  1890, 
2,030;  1900,  3,503;  1910,  7,754;  alt.  4,573  feet;  424  miles  W.  of 
Denver  on  Colo.  Mid.  and  D.  &  R.  G.  railways;  leading  fruit- 
growing center;  has  beet-sugar  factory,  etc. 

Other  places  are: 

Place                                  County                             1910  1900  1890 

Delta    Delta    2,388  819  470 

Fruita    Mesa  881  126             

Glenwood    Springs Garfield    2,019  1,350  920 

Gunnison Gunnison    1,026  1,200  1,105 

Hotchkiss  Delta    600  261             

Marble    Gunnison    782  101             

Montrose    Montrose    3,254  1,217  1,330 

Newcastle   ' Garfield    493  431  311 

Olathe  Montrose    458  

Palisade Mesa 900  

Paonia    Delta   1,007  

Ridgway  Ouray  376  245             

Rifle  Garfield    698  273             

82 


IN  THE  SAN  LUIS  VALLEY 


The  San  Luis  Valley  comprises  the  Counties  of  Alamosa  (just 
created),  Conejos,  Costilla,  Rio  Grande  and  Saguache,  and  has  an 
average  altitude  of  7,500  feet.  The  valley,  equal  in  size  to  the 
State  of  Connecticut,  contains  over  3,000,000  acres  of  practically 
level  land,  with  extensive  irrigation  systems.  It  is  capable  of 
well  maintaining  a  very  much  greater  population  than  it  now  has. 
The  following  are  the  leading  places: 

Place  County  1910 

Alamosa    Alamosa    3,013 

Antonito    Conejos    681 

Del  Norte   Rio  Grande 840 

La  Jara   Conejos   448 

Manassa   Conejos  788 

Monte  Vista Rio  Grande    2,544 

Saguache    Saguache    620 

Sanford    Conejos    564 


1900 

1890 

1,141 

973 

347 

315 

705 

736 

208 

739 

642 

556 

780 

389 

660 

IN  SOUTHEKN  COLORADO 

This  is  an  extensive  territory,  including  the  valleys  of  the 
Las  Animas  and  San  Juan  in  the  S.  W.  and  the  strip  along  the 
Southern  side  of  the  State,  not  containing  any  important  stream. 
These  Counties — Archuleta,  Huerfano,  Montezuma,  La  Plata  and 
Las  Animas — present  good  opportunities  for  home-seekers.  The 
only  town  having  a  population  of  5,000  is — 

Trinidad  (County  seat  of  Las  Animas  County)  :  Pop.  1890, 
5,523;  1900,  5,345;  1910,  10,204;  alt.  5,983  feet;  210  miles  S.  of 
Denver  on  A.  T.  &  S.  F.,  C.  &  S.  and  D.  &  R.  G.  railways;  impor- 
tant railroad  point  and  business  center  of  coal  and  coke  districts 
of  the  Southern  central  portion  of  the  State. 


Main  Street,  Trinidad,  Colo. 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 

83 


1910 

1900 

858 

698 

565 

125 

958 

320 

108 

4,686 

3,317 

293 

282 

576 

691 

254 

567 

383 

669 

367 

2,423 

1,033 

1910 

1900 

1890 

647 

351 

559 

368 

183 

146 

270 

341 

659 

451 

649 

343 

534 

1,000 

271 

125 

333 

139 

241 

Other  places  are: 
.     Place  County 

Aguilar    Las  Animas   

Cortez    Montezuma    ! 

Delagua   Las  Animas   

Dolores   Montezuma 

Durango    La  Plata    4,686 

Edith  Archuleta   

Gray   Creek    Las  Animas   

La  Veta Huerfano    691 

Mancos   Montezuma   567 

Pagosa  Springs   Archuleta    

Walsenburg    Huerfano  2,423  1,033  928 

ON  THE  PLAINS  OF  EASTERN  COLORADO 

This  vast  area  presents  opportunities  for  a  large  number  of 
settlers,  if  of  the  right  kind.    The  principal  places  are : 
Place  County 

Akron    Washington    

Burlington    Kit  Carson    

Cheyenne  Wells   Cheyenne    

Haxtun    Phillips   

Holyoke    Phillips    

Hugo    Lincoln    

Limon    Lincoln    

Wray   Yuma    

Yuma    Yuma    

IN  NORTHWESTERN  COLORADO 

This  district  includes  Grand,  Moffat,  Rio  Blanco  and  Routt 
Counties,  and  presents  exceptional  opportunities  for  many  thou- 
sands of  home-seekers,  if  of  the  right  kind.  The  proposed  exten- 
sion of  the  Denver,  Northwestern  &  Pacific  Railway  from  its 
present  Western  terminus  at  Steamboat  Springs,  through  to  Salt 
Lake  City,  and  the  boring  of  a  railroad  tunnel  through  the  main 
range,  50  miles  West  of  Denver,  to  avoid  the  present  railroad 
climb  over  the  summit  at  Corona  (alt.  11,660  feet),  will  give  a 
very  great  impetus  to  the  peopling  of  N.  W.  Colorado.  The  prin- 
cipal places  are: 

Place                                    County                              1910  1900  1890 

Craig   Moffat    392  

Hayden   Moffat    314  

Kremmling   Grand   141  

Meeker Rio  Blanco  807  507  260 

Oak  Creek    Routt    220  

Steamboat  Springs Routt    1,227  

Sulphur  Springs Grand    182  

Yampa Routt    332  

THE  NORTH  PLATTE  VALLEY 

This  contains  a  single  County — Jackson — the  Countv  seat 
of  which  is  Walden ;  pop.  1890,  64 ;  1900,  141 ;  1910,  162. 

MOUNTAIN  TOWNS 

The  only  two  mountain  towns  having  a  population  of  5,000 
are: 

84 


Cripple  Creek  (County  seat  of  Teller  County)  :  Pop.  1910, 
6,206;  alt.  9,591  feet;  125  miles  from  Denver  via  shortest  railway 
route.  The  Cripple  Creek  district,  only  a  few  square  miles  in 
extent,  lias  produced  over  $250,000,000  since  1891,  almost  entirely 
gold. 


Harrison  Avenue,  Leadville,  Colo. 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  Midland  Railway 

Leadville  (County  seat  of  Lake  County)  :  Pop.  1910,  7,508; 
alt.  10,190  feet;  275  miles  from  Denver  on  Colo.  Mid.,  C.  &  S. 
and  D.  &  R.  G.  railways.  The  Leadville  district,  not  many  square 
miles  in  extent,  has  produced  over  $300,000,000  since  1860,  in 
gold,  silver,  lead,  copper  and  zinc. 

Other  places  are: 

Town  County  Alt.   (Feet)       Pop.  1910 

Alma Park   10,238 301 

Asp-en    Pitkin    7,943 1,834 

Breckenridge   Summit    9,534 834 

Central  City   Gilpin    8,516 1,782 

Creede   Mineral    8,840 741 

Georgetown   Clear  Creek    8,507 950 

Idaho  Springs    Clear  Creek    7,556 2,154 


Lake  City  . 

Ouray  

Red  Cliff  .. 

Rico  

Silver  Cliff 


Hinsdale  8,675 

.Ouray    7,710 

.Eagle    8,598 

Dolores    8,725 

.Custer    8,000 


405 
l,b44 
383 
368 
250 
460 


Silver  Plume   Clear  Creek  9,189 

Silverton   San  Juan   9,288 2,153 

Telluride    San   Miguel    6,744 1,756 

Victor Teller    9,728 3,162 


86 


Commercial  Organizations  of 
Colorado 


Akron,  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Alamosa,  Business  Men's 
Association,  San  Luis  Valley  Commercial  Association;  Antonito, 
Chamber  of  Commerce ;  Aspen,  Commercial  Club ;  Ault,  Com- 
mercial Club. 

Berthoud,  Chamber  of  Commerce ;  Boulder,  Commercial  Asso- 
ciation; Breckenridge,  Chamber  of  Commerce:  Brighton,  Com- 
mercial Club;  Brush,  Commercial  Club,  Chamber  of  Commerce; 
Buena  Vista,  Board  of  Trade ;  Burlington,  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Canon  City,  Business  Men's  Association;  Central  City,  Gilpin 
County  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Colorado  City,  Business  Men's 
Association,  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Colorado  Springs,  Chamber 
of  Commerce;  Cortez,  Business  Men's  Association;  Craig,  Com- 
mercial Association;  Cripple  Creek,  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Denver,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Colorado  Manufacturers' 
Association,  Real  Estate  Exchange,  etc. 

Del  Norte,  Commercial  Club;  Delta,  Delta  County  Business 
Men's  Association;  Durango,  Board  of  Trade. 

Eaton,  Commercial  Club ;  Elizabeth,  Elbert  County  Chamber 
of  Commerce. 

Florence,  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Fort  Collins,  Chamber  of 
Commerce ;  Fort  Lupton,  Commercial  Club ;  Fort  Morgan,  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce ;  Fruita,  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Georgetown,  Commercial  Club;  Glenwood  Springs,  Board  of 
Trade;  Grand  Junction,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Mesa  County 
Commercial  Association;  Greeley,  Commercial  Club;  Gunnison, 
Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Haxtun,  Commercial  Club;  Holyoke,  Commercial  Club. 

Idaho  Springs,  Commercial  Club. 

Julesburg,  Commercial  Club. 

Lafayette,  Commercial  Club;  La  Junta,  Industrial  Associa- 
tion; Lamar,  Commercial  Association;  Limon,  Chamber  of  Com- 

86 


merce ;  Leadville,  Commercial  Club ;  Longmont,  Commercial  Asso- 
ciation ;  Louisville,  Commercial  Association ;  Loveland,  Chamber 
of  Commerce. 

Monte  Vista,  Commercial  Association ;  Montrose,  Chamber  of 
Commerce. 

Ordway,   Chamber  of  Commerce;  Ouray,   Commercial  Club. 

Palisade,  Commercial  Association;  Paonia,  Commercial  Asso- 
ciation; Pueblo,  Arkansas  Valley  Commercial  Association,  Com- 
merce Club. 

Rifle,  Chamber  of  Commerce ;  Rocky  Ford,  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce. 

Salida,  Commercial  Club;  Silverton,  Chamber  of  Commerce; 
Steamboat  Springs,  Commercial  Club ;  Sterling,  Commercial  Asso- 
ciation; Sugar  City,  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Trinidad,  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Victor,  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Walsenburg,  Commercial  Club;  Wellington,  Commercial 
Club ;  Windsor,  Chamber  of  Commerce ;  Wray,  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce. 

Yampa,  Chamber  of  Commerce. 


Three  Elevations,  Auto  Roads,  Crj'stal  Park 


87 


Colorado  for  Tourists 


Americans  Should  See  America  First — 

Switzerland,  "The  Playground  of  Europe,"  is  visited  annually 
by  fully  100,000  tourists,  many  of  them  Americans  who  have 
never  been  to  Colorado.    "Americans  should  See  America  First." 

As  the  special  attractions  of  Colorado  become  better  known 
and  realized,  Colorado  will  increasingly  become  "The  Playground 
of  America." 

Colorado  equals  Switzerland  in  scenic  attractions,  and  sur- 
passes it  in  the  number  and  height  of  mountain  peaks,  climatic 
advantages,  and  the  number,  wide  range  and  curative  properties 
of  mineral  springs. 


Cheesman  Memorial  Pavilion,  Denver 
Built  of  Colorado-Yule  White  Marble 

Mountain  Scenery — Number  of  Peaks — 

Colorado  possesses  more  than  120  peaks  of  over  13,500  feet 
altitude,  of  which  no  fewer  than  35  peaks  range  from  14,000  feet 
upwards.  This  is  about  ten  times  as  many  as  there  are  in  the 
whole  of  Europe. 

While  the  Alps  in  Switzerland  have  several  isolated  peaks 
over  15,000  feet  altitude,  the  mean  elevation  of  the  highest  Alpine 
chain  is  only  from  8,000  to  9,000  feet. 

Mountain  Peaks  Visible  From  Denver — 

On  account  of  the  clearness  of  the  atmosphere,  the  following 
19  mountain  peaks,  over  10,000  feet  altitude,  are  plainly  visible, 

88 


with  the  naked  eye,  from  the  Cheesman  Memorial  Pavilion  (as 
shown  by  Chart  prepared  by  Professor  Bethel  and  James  Grafton 
Rogers  for  the  Colorado  Mountain  Club)  commencing  in  the  N.W. 

and  continuing  for  130  miles  along  the  W.  to  the  S. : 

Mountain  Peak                                               Distance  (Miles)  Altitude  (Feet) 

Lookout  Mountain    62  10,633 

Signal  Mountain  64  10,700 

Hague    Peak    67  13,832 

Mount  Fairchild   66  13,800 

Twin  Sisters   51  11,423 

Estes   Cone    52  10,705 

Long's  Peak   51  14,255 

Mt.    Audubon    46  13,173 

Arapahoe  Peak    44  13,520 

James  Peak   41  13,283 

Engelmann  Peak    43  13,500 

Silver  Plume  Peak  43  13,500 

Squaw   Mountain    30  11,733 

Mt.  Evans    39  14,260 

Rosalie    Peak    37  13.575 

Meridian   Hill    34  11,000 

Bison   Peak    43  12,246 

Buffalo  Peak    38  11,627 

Pike's  Peak 63  14,107 


"Among  the  Summits" 
At  Over  13,000  Feet  Altitude 

Heights  of  Inhabited  Points — 

In  Colorado  several  populous  mining  towns  are  higher  than 
the  highest  inhabited  point  in  Europe,  such  as  Leadville  (10,190 
feet),  Cripple  Creek  (9,591  feet),  Silverton  (0,288  feet),  Telluride 
(8,756  feet),  Central  City  (8,516  feet),  Georgetown  (8,507  feet)  ; 
while  some  gold  and  silver  mines  are  worked  at  13,000  feet  alti- 
tude. 

The  highest  village  in  Europe  is  Avors  Platz  in  Switzerland, 
only  7,500  feet;  the  highest  inhabited  point  in  Europe  is  the 
Hospice  of  St.  Bernard  in  Switzerland,  only  8,200  feet. 


89 


Leadville  and  Mt.  Massive. 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  Midland  Railway 


Altitude,  14, 424  Feet 


Heights  of  Railroads  and  Wagon  Roads — 

In  Colorado,  the  Denver,  Northwestern  &  Pacific  Railway 
("Moffat  Road")  crosses  the  Continental  Divide  at  Corona 
(11,660  feet)  ;  and  the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway,  at  Fremont 
Pass  (11,330  feet). 


Summit  Argentine  Pass.    Altitude,  13, 
90 


Feet 


There  are  wagon  roads  over  numerous  passes  in  Colorado 
ranging  from  12,000  feet  upwards,  the  highest  being  Mosquito 
Pass  (13,700  feet). 

The  highest  wagon  road  in  Europe  is  the  Stelvio  Road, 
Switzerland,  which  is  only  9,170  feet,  while  the  highest  points  of 
the  Swiss  railroads  are  only  about  4,000  feet  altitude. 


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ROYAL  GORGE,  COLORADO 

LfiCoat  wonderful  chasm  in  the  world 

r     throug-h  which  a  railroad  passes   . 

On  main  line 

Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railroad 

five  hours  ride  from  Denver 

- 

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The  Royal  Gorge 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 

In  Switzerland,  the  cog-railroad  from  Vitznau  to  the  summit 
of  the  Rigi  Kulm  (altitude  5,900  feet)  has  a  length  of  four  and  a 
half  miles,  in  which  the  ascent  is  4,072  feet.  In  Colorado,  the  cog- 
railroad  from  Manitou  to  the  summit  of  Pike's  Peak  (altitude 
14,109  feet)   has  a  length  of  eight  and  three-quarters  miles,  in 

91 


which  the  ascent  is  8,100  feet,  or  an  average  of  846  feet  per  mile, 
the  maximum  grade  being  1,320  feet. 

Colorado  Canons  Unsurpassed — 

One  class  of  Switzerland's  finest  scenery  is  along  the  Via 
Mala,  the  Schyn  Pass  and  Urnerloch.  In  Colorado,  the  Canon  of 
the  Arkansas  with  the  Royal  Gorge,  the  Black  Canon  of  the 
Gunnison,  the  Canon  of  the  Rio  de  las  Animas,  all  reached  by  the 
Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway;  the  Gore  Canon,  on  the  Denver, 
Northwestern  &  Pacific  Railway  ("Moffat  Road"),  and  other  Colo- 
rado Canons,  are  all  much  longer,  quite  as  grand  and  more  varied 
in  character  than,  any  in  Switzerland.  The  walls  of  the  above- 
mentioned  Colorado  Canons  are  over  2,000  feet  in  perpendicular 
height. 


Timberline  (Altitude,  11,000  Feet) 

On  Cog  Railroad  to  Summit  of  Pike's  Peak 

Altitude,  14,107  Feet 

Climate — 

In  Colorado  the  altitudes  above  sea  level  range  from  3,500 
feet  to  over  14,000  feet,  and  perpetual  snow  can  hardly  be  said  to 
exist  even  above  14,000  feet. 

Switzerland  has  many  varieties  of  climate,  the  height  above 
sea  level  ranging  from  646  feet  to  over  15,000  feet,  the  limit  of 
perpetual  snow  ranging  from  9,020  feet  to  9,250  feet. 

Shown  by  Forest  Trees — 

In  Colorado,  timber  grows  up  to  11,000  feet.  In  Switzer- 
land, at  Davos  Platz  (only  5,200  feet — the  same  altitude  as 
Denver),  there  is  a  growth  of  pine  trees  and  dwarf  willows; 
trees  and  plants  of  less  hardy  character,  requiring  careful  winter 
protection. 

92 


Shown  by  Cereals — 

Professor  Olin,  late  Agronomist,  Colorado  State  Agricul- 
tural College,  gives  the  following  instances  of  cereals  maturing 
at  high  altitudes  in  Colorado:  barley,  10,200  feet;  corn,  6,500 
feet,  20  bushels  per  acrep  oats,  7,800  feet,  over  90  bushels  per 
acre;  wheat,  8,000  feet,  20  bushels  per  acre. 

Shown  by  Root  Crops — 

Professor  Bennett,   late  Potato   Specialist,   Colorado   State 

Agricultural  College,  states  that  the  record  potato  yield — viz.. 
8471/2  bushels  per  measured  acre — was  grown  at  Del  Norte  (7,868 
feet).  The  great  sugar-beet  growing  districts  of  Colorado  range 
nearly  5,000  feet  altitude. 

Shown  by  Fruit — 

Professor  Paddock,  Pomologist,  Colorado  State  Agricultural 
College,  says  that  apples,  pears,  plums,  and  cherries  mature,  in 
commercial  quantity,  in  favorable  situations,  up  to  7,950  feet 
altitude,  and  bush  fruits  up  to  8,050  feet.  The  leading  Colorado 
fruit-growing  districts  range  from  4,500  feet  to  6,000  feet  alti 
tude. 

At  Davos  Glaris  (only  4,900  feet),  Switzerland,  cherry  trees 
blossom,  but  cannot  ripen  fruit,  while  potatoes  and  rye  mature 
with  difficulty. 

MINERAL  SPRINGS 

The  mineral  springs  of  Colorado,  as  shown  by  a  scientific  com- 
parison of  the  analyses,  are  wider  in  range  and  superior  in  cur- 
ative properties  than  those  of  Switzerland,  while  many  of  them 
equal  and  others  surpass  some  of  the  most  famous  of  the  mineral 
springs  found  in  France,  Germany  and  Austria,  such  as  are  used, 
under  the  highest  medical  advice,  by  the  autocrats  and  pluto- 
crats of  Europe. 

For  combination  of  scenic  attractions,  climatic  advantages 
and  curative  mineral  waters,  Boulder,  Buena  Vista,  Canon  City. 
Glen  wood  Springs,  Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  Idaho  Springs,  Manitou, 
Ouray,  Pagosa  Springs,  Poncha  Springs,  Salida,  Steamboat 
Springs,  etc.,  in  Colorado,  are  superior  to  Alveneu,  Davos,  Leuk, 
Pfaffers,  Ragatz,  St.  Moritz,  or  any  other  Swiss  health  resort. 

HOTELS 

All  the  cities,  towns,  health  and  pleasure  resorts  of  Colo- 
rado are  supplied  with  good  hotels,  giving  full  value  in  services 
rendered  for  rates  charged. 

NOTE. — The  hotel  proprietors  of  Colorado  have  not  yet  followed 
the  enterprising  example  of  the  hotel  proprietors  of  Switzerland,  who 
publish,  for  the  information  of  tourists,  a  handy  little  book,  in  English, 
containing  the  name  and  picture  of  each  Swiss  hotel,  number  of  rooms, 
rates,  etc.,  specially  advertising,  soliciting  and  catering  for  American 
tourist  business. 

93 


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72 


GOOD  ROADS 

NOTE. — Switzerland  is  famous  for  its  well-made  and  well-kept  car- 
riage roads,  some  of  them  (traversing  the  mountain  passes)  having  been 
built  at  great  expense. 

According  to  the  March,  1913,  Bulletin  of  the  Denver 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  Colorado  has,  approximately,  30,000  miles 
of  highway,  of  which  15,000  miles  are  passable  for  automobiles, 
of  which  4,000  miles  are  in  good  condition.  Before  1915,  10,000 
miles  of  road  are  to  be  improved  by  means  of  $850,000  now  in 
the  State  Treasury  for  the  purpose,  supplemented  by  appropria- 
tions from  Counties. 

AUTO  TOURISTS 

Each  year  sees  an  increase  in  the  number  of  auto  tourists 
who  come  to  Colorado,  in  their  own  autos,  from  the  Eastern, 
Middle  and  Southern  States,  drawn  by  the  climatic  and  scenic 
attractions  of  Colorado.  All  auto  tourists  contemplating  such 
a  trip  should  write  for  any  special  information,  as  to  roads, 
routes  and  other  auto  matters,  to  The  .Denver  Motor  Club,  819 
Majestic  Building. 


Fishing  in  Platte  Canon 

SUGGESTED  RAILROAD  TRIPS  FOR  TOURISTS 

The  following  are  some  of  the  tours  which  can  be  made,  with 
absolute  comfort  and  at  moderate  cost,  by  railroad,  from  Denver 
talt  5,196  feet)  : 

Over  the  Colorado  &  Southern  Railway — 

To  Golden;  thence  up  the  Canon  of  Clear  Creek,  through 
Idaho  Springs  (alt.  7,542  feet),  with  its  mines,  mills,  mineral 
springs  and  bath-houses;  thence  to  Georgetown  (alt.  8,476  feet) ; 
over  the  famous  "Loop"  to  Silver  Plume  (alt.  9,176  feet),  54  miles 
from  Denver,  near  the  foot  of  Gray's  Peak  (alt.  14,341  feet)  ; 
returning  over  the  same  route. 

95 


"Bound  the  Horn;"  i.  e.,  to  Greeley,  Fort  Collins,  Loveland, 
Longmont,  Boulder,  and  thence  to  Denver.  This  is  the  oldest  and 
most  productive  farming  section  of  Colorado,  with  numerous 
orchards  between  Fort  Collins  and  Boulder. 


Arapahoe  Peaks— Altitude,  13, 500  Feet 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  &  Southern  Railway 

Up  the  romantic  Platte  Canon  to  Kenosha  Summit  (alt.  10,030 
feet),  returning  by  the  same  route.  Platte  Canon  is  famous  for 
its  summer  resorts  and  homes. 

To  Boulder  (alt.  5,335  feet)  ;  thence  by  the  Denver,  Boulder 
&  Western  Kailway  to  Eldora  (alt.  8,730  feet),  63  miles  from 
Denver,  or  to  Ward  (alt.  9,450  feet),  56  miles  from  Denver; 
returning  by  the  same  route,  and  getting  back  to  Denver  the 
same  da  v. 


St.  Peter's  Dome  (Altitude,  Over  9,000  Feet) 
On  Colorado  Springs  &  Cripple  Creek  Railway 

96 


To  Colorado  Springs  (alt.  5,878  feet);  thence  In  the  scenic 
Colorado  Springs  &  Cripple  Creek  Short  Line,  via  Bull  Hill  (alt. 
10,202  feet)  to  Cripple  Creek  (alt.  9,505  feet),  125  miles  from 
Denver. 

(  >ver  the  Colorado  Midland  Railway — 

To  Colorado  Springs  (alt.  5,878  feet)  ;  up  Ute  Pass,  via 
Divide  (alt.  0,198  feet)  ;  thence  by  the  Midland  Terminal  Railway 
to  Cripple  Creek  (alt.  9,505  feet)  ;  from  Divide  through  South 
Park  to  Leadville  (alt.  10,190  feet),  crossing  the  Continental 
Divide  at  Ivanhoe  (alt.  10,927  feet),  and  so  on  to  Aspen  (alt. 
7.943  feet)  or  Grand  Junction  (alt.  4,573  feet),  377  miles  from 
1  !c  nver. 


Twin  Lakes.    Altitude,  9,015  Feet 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  Midland  Railway 

Over  the  Denver,  Northwestern  &  Pacific  Railway — 

Through  the  foot-hills  and  up  South  Boulder  Creek  to 
Boulder  Park  (alt  8.889  feet),  and  on  to  Corona  (alt.  11,660  feet), 
on  the  summit  of  the  Continental  Divide,  only  66  miles  from 
Denver;  returning  over  the  same  route,  and  getting  back  to  Denver 
the  same  evening. 

The  journey  may  be  continued  from  Corona  to  Hot  Sulphur 
Springs  (alt.  7.665  feet)  in  Middle  Park,  109  miles  from  Denver: 
on  through  the  famous  Gore  Canon,  130  miles  from  Denver; 
thence  past  the  wonderful  volcanic  formations  at  Crater  and 
Volcano  (162  and  166  miles  from  Denver)  ;  thence  through  the 
beautiful  Egeria  Park,  and  on  to  Steamboat  Springs  (alt.  6,680 
feet),  214  miles  from  Denver. 


(7) 


97 


Gore  Canon 
Courtesy  of  Denver.  Northwestern  &  Pacific  Railway 


98 


A  Vista  of  Mt.  Sopris. 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  Midland  Railway 


Altitude,  12,823  Feet 


The  trip  from  Denver  to  Steamboat  Springs  is  the  most  scenic 
one-day  daylight  railroad  ride  in  Colorado. 

Over  the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway — 

To  Colorado  Springs  and  Manitou,  the  "Chamounix  of  Colo- 
rado," at  the  base  of  Pike's  Peak  (14,107  feet)  ;  to  Pueblo,  the 
"Pittsburg  of  the  West;"  to  Florence,  the  petroleum  center  (from 


Grand  Lake.    Altitude,  S.153  Feet 
Courtesy  of  Denver,  Northwestern  &  Pacific  Railway 

09 


which  point  the  tourist  can  take  the  Florence  &  Cripple  ('reek 
Railway  for  Cripple  Creek)  ;  from  Florence  to  Canon  City,  em- 
•bowered  in  orchards;  through  the  famous  "Royal  Gorge,"  to 
Salida  and  Buena  Vista;  thence  to  Leadville;  to  Glen  wood 
Springs,  "The  Kissengen  of  America,"  with  palatial  hotel  and 
bath-houses;  thence  to  Grand  Junction,  celebrated  for  orchards 
and  vineyards. 


Ute  Pass,  Near  Colorado  Springs 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 

Or,  branching  off  at  Glenwood  Springs,  up  the  beautiful 
valley  of  the  Roaring  Fork,  to  the  interesting  mining  town  of 
Aspen. 

Or,  branching  off  at  Salida,  taking  the  narrow-gauge  over 
Marshall  Pass  (alt.  10,852  feet)  ;  through  the  "Black  Canon  of 
the  Gunnison,"  to  fruit-growing  Montrose,  Delta  and  Grand 
Junction. 

Or,  branching  off  at  Montrose  and  at  Ridgway,  through  the 
"Golden    San    Juan,"    a    combination    of   magnificent    mountain 

100 


Buena  Vista  and  Mt.  Princeton.    Altitude,  14,196  Feet 
Courtesy  of  Colorado  Midland  Railway 


The  Famous  Mears  Toll  Road  Between  Ouray  and  Ironton 
Courtesy  of  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway 


101 


scenery  (parfieulaily  along  the  Clears'  Toll  Road  from  Ouray  to 
Ironton)  and  interesting  mining  towns,  including  Ouray,  Tellu- 
ride,  Rico,  Silverton  and  Durango;  returning  via  the  great  agri- 
cultural San  Luis  Valley. 

Over  the  Atchison,  Tof-eka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway — 

To  Colorado  Springs  and  Pueblo; 
thence  down  the  fertile  valley  of  the 
Arkansas,  with  its  numerous  grow- 
ing agricultural  towns. 

Other  Railways — 

The  Union  Pacific  Ry.  (dating 
from  1870)  runs  from  Denver  via 
Greeley  to  Cheyenne  (Wyo.),  the 
Julesburg  Division  branching  off  at 
La  Salle  and  running  down  the  val- 
ley of  the  South  Platte  to  the  State 
Line,  en  route  for  Omaha.  The  K.  P. 
Division  runs  S.E.  from  Denver  over 
the  Eastern  plains  of  Colorado  to 
the  State  Line,  en  route  for  Kansas 
City. 

The  C.  B.  &  Q.  Ry.  (known  as 
the  Burlington)  runs  N.E.  from  Den- 
ver to  Brush,  thence  over  the  East- 
ern plains  of  Colorado  to  the  State 
Line,  en  route  for  the  Missouri  River; 
also  has  a  branch  running  NAY. 
from  Denver  to  Longmont  and 
Lyons;  also  a  branch  running  from 
Cheyenne  (Wyo.)  via  Sterling  (Colo.) 
over  the  Eastern  plains  of  Colorado, 
en  route  for  the  Missouri  River. 

The  C.  R.  I.  &  P.  Ry.  (known  as 
the  Rock  Island)  runs  from  Denver 
and  Colorado  Springs  over  the  East- 
ern plains  of  Colorado,  en  route  for 
the  Missouri  River. 

The  Missouri  Pacific  Ry.  (con- 
necting with  the  D.  &  R.  G.  Ry.) 
runs  from  Denver,  via  Pueblo,  over 
the  Eastern  plains  of  Colorado,  en 
.  ^        route  for  the  Missouri  River. 

Lizard  Head.    Altitude,  13,156  Feet 

Courtesy  of  Rio  Grande 

Southern  Railway 


102 


Colorado  for  Investors 


It  has  been  said  that — 

(1)  An  investment  is  an  operation  based  on  sight  or  knowl- 
edge. 

(2)  A  speculation  is  an  operation  based  on  faith. 

(3)  A  gamble  is  an  operation  based  on  chance. 

FARM  LANDS 

The  1910  U.  S.  Census  Report  states  that  the  average  value 
of  Colorado  farm  land  per  acre,  in  that  year,  was  $26.81,  as  com- 
pared with  |9.54  in  1900 — an  increase  of  181  per  cent ! ! ! 

The  U.  S.  Census  Report  for  1920  will,  in  all  probability, 
show  an  even  greater  rate  of  increase  during  the  decade  1910- 
1920. 

Carefully  selected  Colorado  farm  land  at  present  prices  is 
therefore  an  attractive  speculative  investment. 

The  1910  U.  S.  Census  Report  states  the  average  value  of 
farm  land  per  acre,  in  the  various  Counties  of  Colorado,  as 
follows: 

$125  and  over  per  acre:   Denver,  Mesa. 

$100  to  $125  per  acre  :   Delta. 

$75  to  $100  per  acre:   No  County. 

$50  to  $75  per  acre:  Boulder,  Garfield,  Jefferson,  Montrose, 
Otero,  Rio  Grande. 

$25  to  $50  per  acre :  Adams,  Arapahoe,  Bent,  Chaffee,  Cone- 
jos. Eagle,  Fremont,  La  Plata,  Larimer,  Montezuma,  Morgan, 
Pitkin.  Prowers,  Sedgwick.  Weld. 

$10  to  $25  per  acre:  Archuleta.  Cheyenne,  Costilla,  Custer, 
Douglas,  El  Paso,  Grand,  Gunnison,  Hinsdale,  Huerfano,  Jack- 
son, Lake,  Lincoln,  Logan,  Mineral,  Ouray,  Phillips.  Pueblo,  Rio 
Blanco,  San  Miguel,  Routt,  Summit.  Washington,  Yuma. 

Less  than  $10  per  acre:  Baca,  $3.46;  Clear  Creek,  $9.51; 
Gilpin,  $8.07;  Las  Animas,  $9.32;  Kiowa.  $8.57;  Kit  Carson, 
$9.57;  Park,  $9.68. 

The  above  average  values  are  presumably  exclusive  of  build- 
ings, etc.,  and  the  average  is  doubtless  reduced  by  reason  of  the 
large  as  yet  uncultivated  area  classified  as  farm  land.  To  that 
extent,  while  furnishing  a  general  basis,  the  above  figures  are 
more  or  less  misleading.     For  instance,  the  average  values  in 

103 


Mesa  and  Delta  Counties  are  influenced  by  the  high  values  of 
•fruit-bearing  orchards.  So,  also,  in  Weld,  the  foremost  farming 
County  in  the  State,  the  average  is  lowered  by  the  great  area 
of  as  yet  uncultivated  land. 

Such  average  values  in  all  the  Counties  are  certainly  very 
much  below  the  market  prices  of  improved  farm  land,  including 
buildings,  water  rights,  etc. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  prices  asked  in  some  cases  are  higher 
than  the  real  intrinsic  value,  simply  because  the  owners  do  not 
need  or  wish  to  sell  except  at  practically  a  bonus  price. 

There  never  was  a  better  time  for  the  purchase  of  farms  and 
orchards  in  Colorado.  There  are  everywhere  cases — such  as  old 
age,  death  in  the  family,  or  other  similar  good  and  sufficient 
reason — which  bring  desirable  properties  on  the  market. 

A  shrewd  buyer,  with  cash,  by  going  on  "a  still  hunt"  (with 
the  assistance  of  an  experienced,  reliable  real-estate  agent)  and 
looking  at  20  farms  or  orchards  before  he  purchases  one,  can 
invariably  make  a  wise  and  advantageous  purchase. 

CITY  AND  TOWN  EEAL  ESTATE 

For  similar  reasons  to  those  before  mentioned,  there  never 
was  a  better  time  for  the  purchase  of  real  estate  in  Colorado 
cities  and  towns  with  marked  certain  future  growth.  For  in- 
stance, as  in  the  case  of  farms  and  orchards,  a  shrewd  capitalist, 
by  going  on  "a  still  hunt"  in  Denver  (with  the  aforesaid  profes- 
sional assistance),  looking  at  20  pieces  of  Denver  property, 
whether  improved  or  unimproved,  before  he  purchases,  can  in- 
variably make  very  wise  and  advantageous  investments,  certain 
to  enhance  in  market  value  very  materially  over  the  prices  at 
which  they  can  now  be  obtained. 

BUSINESS  OPENINGS 

Home-seekers  desiring  to  open  a  store  or  other  business  in 
Colorado,  by  reading  the  "List  of  Cities  and  Towns"  (elsewhere 
in  this  book)  can  learn  their  size  and  rate  of  growth.  Personal 
visits  to  several  places,  selected  as  likely,  will  show  which  seems 
the  best  for  the  purpose  in  view. 

MOKTGAGES  ON  FARM  AND  CITY  PROPERTY 

The  1910  U.  S.  Census  Report  states  that  73.6  per  cent  of 
the  farms  of  Colorado  were  then  free  from  mortgage. 

Mortgages  on  Colorado  irrigated  farms,  conservatively  ap- 
praised, on  a  mere  alfalfa-producing  basis — say,  justifying  a 
loan  of  $40  per  acre — are  safe  investments.  They  are  made  for 
periods  of  from  three  to  five  years,  bearing  7  per  cent  interest, 
usually  payable  semi-annually,  sometimes  annually. 

Mortgages,  based  on  moderate  appraisement,  on  carefully 
selected  city  or  town  real  estate,  depending  on  the  size  and 
probable  future  of  such  city  or  town,  are  also  safe  investments, 

104 


commanding  rates  of  interest  of  from  4.5  per  cent  on  business 
property  to  6  per  cent  on  residence  property,  payable  semi-an- 
nually. Rates  of  7  per  cent  and  over  on  city  property  indicate 
more  or  less  risk. 

MUNICIPAL  AND  CORPORATION  BONDS 

Colorado,  like  other  States,  has  its  proportionate  local  supply 
of  these  and  of  the  same  general  character,  which  therefore  do 
not  call  for  comment  here. 

IRRIGATION  BONDS 

As  Irrigation  Bonds  have  attracted  considerable  public  at- 
tention in  the  past  few  years  and  are  not  yet  clearly  understood 
by  many,  the  following  explanation  is  given : 

The  Colorado  Legislature  in  1901  enacted  The  Irrigation 
District  Act,  by  which — 

"Whenever  a  majority  of  the  resident  freeholders  owning  lands  in 
any  district,  desire  to  provide  for  the  irrigation  of  the  same,  they  may 
propose  the  organization  of  an  irrigation  district  under  the  provisions 
of  this  Act." 

So  organized,  the  district  is  virtually  a  municipality  anal- 
ogous to  a  school  district. 

Such  a  district  is  administered  by  a  Board  of  three  directors, 
chosen  by  the  qualified  electors.  Under  their  direction,  bonds 
may  be  voted  for  the  purpose  of — 

"acquiring  all  lands,  water  rights,  franchises  and  other  property  neces- 
sary for  the  construction,  use,  repair  and  improvement  of  its  laterals, 
reservoirs  and  water  works." 

"The  district  is  also  authorized  to  purchase  irrigation  works  already 
constructed,  and  to  enlarge  and  complete  the  same  for  the  needs  of  the 
district,  and  may  pay  for  the  same  in  its  bonds.  But  no  contract  involv- 
ing a  consideration  exceeding  $10,000  shall  be  binding  unless  ratified 
and  authorized  by  the  voters  of  the  district." 

The  Statute,  in  other  particulars,  thoroughly  safeguards  all 
parties  in  interest. 

The  bonds  mature  in  ten  to  twenty  years,  payable  in  series, 
obviating  the  necessity  of  a  sinking  fund.  They  draw  six  (6%) 
per  cent  interest,  and  are  payable  to  the  County  Treasurer,  ex 
officio,  the  District  Treasurer,  or  at  such  other  place  as  may  be 
named.  They  are  an  underlying  lien,  prior  to  all  mortgages,  etc. 
All  levies  of  taxes  are  made  by  the  Board  of  County  Commission- 
ers, and  are  collected  in  the  same  manner  as  all  other  taxes.  The 
lands  are  assessed  at  a  uniform  rate  per  acre. 

About  twenty-five  million  ($25,000,000)  dollars  of  these  bonds 
have  so  far  been  issued  in  Colorado.  In  every  instance  where 
the  projects  have  been  completed  there  has  been  no  default  in 
the  payment  of  interest.  If  a  failure  has  occurred,  it  is  ascribable 
to  an  underestimate  of  cost,  or  an  inability  to  market  the  required 

105 


amount  of  bonds.  More  than  SO  per  cent  of  the  bonds  voted  have 
been  issued  by  districts  whose  systems  are  completed,  and  pay- 
ments of  interest  and  principal  as  they  mature  have  been 
promptly  met. 

If  ordinary  business  precaution  be  observed,  no  loss  whatever 
should  occur.  The  securities  are  inherently  sound,  for  they  are 
based  upon  the  most  solid  of  all  forms  of  property — improved 
farms. 

MINING 

There  is  much  prejudice  on  this  subject,  based  on  lack  of 
real  knowledge  and  on  bitter  experience  from  past  mistakes. 

Legitimate  metalliferous  mining  is  as  much  a  leading  local 
industry  in  Colorado  as  cotton-spinning  is  in  New  England  and 
woolen-manufacturing  in  Pennsylvania,  and,  by  experienced  cap- 
ital, is  entered  upon  on  the  same  business  principles. 

Legitimate  mining  (i.  e.,  looking  solely  for  profits  from  the 
ore  and  not  from  the  money  in  other  people's  pockets)  is  a  busi- 
ness enterprise,  and  not  a  gambling  venture. 


The  Portland  and  Independence  Mines,  Cripple  Creek  District 

These  Two  Mines  Have  Produced  About  Sixty  Million  ($60,000,000) 

Dollars  Since  1891 

Where  entered  upon  with  the  same  care  and  judgment  that 
are  recognized  as  necessary  for  success  in  any  other  business, 
mining,  on  the  average,  is  more  profitable  than  any  other  pro- 
ductive industry. 

It  goes  without  saying  that  by  far  the  greater  portion  of 
Colorado's  immense  past  production  of  the  metalliferous  min- 
erals— over  one  billion  one  hundred  and  eighty-seven  million  five 
hundred  and  forty-three  thousand  ($1,187,543,000)  dollars — was 
mined,  treated  and  marketed  at  a  profit  to  the  owners  of  the 
mines. 

As  a  matter  of  fact,  from  that  vast  output  many  citizens  of 
Colorado  and  other  States  made  individual  fortunes,  ranging 
from  |100,000  up  into  the  millions. 

106 


It  is  not  "mining/'  however,  to  ''speculate''  in  listed  or  un- 
listed stocks,  or  to  take  a  mere  "flyer"  in  the  stock  of  a  "get-rich- 
quick"  mining  company,  organized  by  more  or  less  irresponsible, 
unscrupulous  promoters,  inexperienced  in  mining,  who  look  !<> 
promotion  profits  rather  than  to  the  profits  from  the  ore  mined. 
Mere  "stock-selling  companies''  have  done  untold  injury  to  the 
legitimate  mining  industry  of  Colorado  and  all  other  mining 
States. 

The  greatest  and  richest  mines  in  Colorado  to-day  only  a 
comparatively  few  years  ago,  at  most,  were  undeveloped,  or  but 
partially  developed,  properties.  The  rich  mines  of  the  future  are 
to-day  merely  awaiting  development  by  a  combination  of  intelli- 
gence, experience,  capita]  and  honesty. 


"The  Beginning  of  a  Mine" 

Legitimate,  conservative  mining  in  Colorado  (i.  e.,  "burning 
candles  and  powder,"  in  contrast  to  the  use  of  the  printing-press 
and  typewriter)  will  probably  furnish  as  many  individual  for- 
tunes in  the  future  as  in  the  past. 

One  great  need  of  Colorado  to-day  is  increased  interest,  on 
the  .part  of  capital,  in  the  development  (along  conservative  and 
intelligent  lines,  under  the  supervision  of  experienced  Mining 
Engineers)  of  the  metalliferous  mining  industry  of  the  State. 
On  such  lines  there  is  no  better  opening  anywhere  for  the  safe 
and  profitable  investment  of  capital. 


107 


Colorado  for  Health-Seekers 


The  special  value  of  the  climate  of  Colorado  is  in  the  com- 
bination of  high  altitude,  maximum  sunshine  and  dryness. 

There  are  literally  many  thousands  of  Colorado  citizens, 
long  resident  in  the  State,  who  came  originally  for  reasons  of 
health,  and  who  know  that  their  being  still  alive  and  practically 
well  is  owing  to  the  beneficial  effects  of  the  climate  of  Colorado. 

The  air  at  high  altitudes,  as  compared  with  air  at  sea  level, 
has  diminished  density,  lower  temperature  and  less  humidity. 
It  contains  an  excess  of  ozone,  and  is  comparatively  free  from 
organic  and  other  impurities. 

High  altitudes  involve  the  breathing  of  an  increased  quantity 
of  air  to  obtain  the  necessary  amount  of  oxygen.  This  results 
in  permanent  chest  expansion  of  from  one  to  six  inches,  the  de- 
veloping and  aerating  effect  of  which  is  most  beneficial  in  chest 
diseases. 

Recent  careful  investigations  in  Colorado,  by  eminent  scien- 
tists from  Oxford  University,  England,  show  that  high  altitude 
diminishes  blood  pressure;  that  in  Colorado  at  14,000  feet  the 
blood  pressure  is  lower  than  at  6,000  feet,  and  at  6,000  feet  it  is 
lower  than  at  sea  level;  which  diminished  blood  pressure  is  par- 
ticularly beneficial  in  kidney  diseases. 

Malaria  is  practically  absent,  and  cholera  and  yellow  fever 
are  unknown  in  Colorado. 

The  maximum  continuous  sunshine  for  which  Colorado  is 
noted  (6$  per  cent  of  the  possible,  as  against:  Boston,  54  per 
cent,  and  Chicago,  53  per  cent),  combined  with  the  dry  air,  acts 
as  a  tonic  and  has  an  all-round  beneficial  effect. 

Dryness  is  especially  beneficial  in  all  chest  affections,  being 
antagonistic  to  the  growth  and  multiplication  of  germs.  The 
average  relative  humidity  is  a  little  below  50  per  cent  in  Denver 
(Boston,  72  per  cent;  Chicago,  77  per  cent)  and  is  lowest  in  the 
summer  months,  thus  precluding  the  sultry,  oppressive  days  so 
common  in  the  East. 

The  altitude  and  dryness  minimize  the  heat  in  Colorado  to 
the  extent  of  22° ;  in  other  words,  from  the  recorded  temperature 
it  is  necessary  to  subtract  22°  to  find  the  real  heat  felt  by 
people.  The  Colorado  summer,  therefore,  corresponds,  as  to  the 
feelings  of  those  who  pass  through  it,  to  that  of  Manitoba,  the 
Thousand  Islands,  the  Adirondacks,  etc.  The  altitude  and  dry- 
ness equally  minimize  the  cold  of  winter. 

108 


Davos  Platz,  Switzerland,  is  regarded  by  the  medical  fra- 
ternity of  Europe  as  the  best  high-altitude-  health  resort  in 
Europe.  The  opinions  of  the  following  eminent.  European  ex- 
perts express  concisely  the  highly  beneficial  character  of  the 
climate  of  Colorado: 

The  late  Dr.  Carl  Ruedi,  of  Davos  Platz,  after  a  prolonged 
visit  to  Colorado,  said : 

"Colorado  has  natural  advantages  and  climatic  conditions  which 
equal  or  surpass  the  best  European  health  resorts." 

Dr.  Charteris,  Professor  of  Therapeutics  and  Materia  Medica. 
Glasgow  University,  Scotland,  said : 

"My  autumn  holiday  has  enabled  me  to  visit  Colorado  and  I  am 
convinced  that,  in  its  pure,  dry  air,  many  patients  who  linger  at  home 
only  to  die,  might  there  get  better  and  work  and  do  well." 

Dr.  C.  T.  Williams,  Senior  Surgeon  of  the  Brompton  Hos- 
pital for  Consumption  and  Chest  Diseases,  ex-President  of  the 
Royal  Meteorological  Society  and  ex-President  of  the  Medical 
Society  of  London,  said : 

"The  climate  of  Colorado  is  dry  and  sunny,  with  bracing,  ener- 
gizing qualities,  permitting  outdoor  exercises  every  day,  all  the  year 
round,  the  favorable  results  of  which  are  seen  in  large  numbers  of  former 
invalids  whom  it  has  rescued  from  the  life  of  invalidism,  and  con- 
verted into  healthy,  active  workers." 


Mount  Ypsilon  from  the  Horseshoe  Ranch,  Estes  Park 


109 


INDEX 


Page 

Colorado  for  Home-Seekers 7-87 

Colorado  for  Tourists 87-102 

Colorado  for  Investors 103-107 

Colorado  for  Health-Seekers 108-109 

Agriculture — Wonderful  Progress  1000-1910 8 

Agriculture  by  Irrigation — Irrigated  Sections,  Percent- 
ages of  Land  Area  and  Farms  Irrigated,  Advan- 
tages, Irrigation  Items,  Irrigation  Districts,  Irriga- 
tion by  Electrically  Operated  Pumps 9-  15 

Agriculture  without  Irrigation — Vast  Non-Irrigable  Area, 
Mistakes  of  the  Past,  Water  Available,  Water  from 
Wells,  Irrigation  from  Wells,  By  Gasoline  Engines, 
Conservation  of  Water  in  Soil,  Deep  Tilling  Machine, 
"Scratchiculture,"  Drought  Resisting  Plants,  New 
Buffum  Cereals,  Live  Stock  Farming,  Summary....   15-  24 

Americans  Should  See  America  First 88 

Auto   Tourists 95 

Business  Openings 101 

Cement 58 

Cities  and  Towns 77-  85 

Clay    58-59 

Climate— For  Tourists 92-  93 

Climate— For  Health-Seekers 108-109 

Coal  Mining — Wonderful  Growth,  1912  Production,  Coal 

Miners'   Earnings 59-  60 

Colorado  and  Switzerland  Compared — Area,  Population, 

Location  of  Population,  Productiveness 7 

Scenery,  Climate,  Mineral  Springs 87-92 

Colorado  Example  of  Scientific  Farming 47-48 

Colorado  Excels  Other  States  in  Farm  Crops 25 

Commercial  Organizations 86-  87 

County  Agricultural  Experts 49 

Crops— Barley,  Corn,  Hay,  Oats,  Potatoes,  Rye.  Wheat.  .   25-  29 

111 


Page 
Crops  (Other) — Canadian  Peas,  Cantaloupes,  Flax,  Roots, 

Vegetables 34-35 

Dairying 39-  40 

Denver 70-  7G 

Denver  Chamber  of  Commerce 48 

Denver  Union  Stock  Yards.  . . .' 45 

Education 67 

Electricity 67 

Electricity — Pumping  Irrigation  Water 14-15 

Farm  Labor  Cost 46 

Fertilizers 49 

Good  Roads : 95 

Horticulture 50-  52 

Hotels    93 

Investments — Farm  Lands,  Urban  Real  Estate,  Mort- 
gages   on    Farms,    etc.,    Municipal   and   Corporation 

Bonds,  Irrigation  Bonds,  Mining,  Businesses 103-107 

Irrigation    9-  15 

Live  Stock — Horses,  Mules,  Asses,  Range  Cattle,  Milch 

Cows,  Sheep,  Goats,  Swine,  Poultry,  Bees 36-46 

Manufactures— Wonderful  Growth  1904-1909,  Three  Lead- 
ing   Industries,    Shipments    to    Foreign    Countries, 

Openings  for  New  Factories 53-  57 

Marble  66 

Mining  (Metalliferous) — Immense  Past  Production,  Fu- 
ture Production,  1912  Production,  Leading  Producing 
Counties,  Evolution  of  Mining  and  Ore  Treatment .  .   60-  65 

More  Farmers  Needed 48 

Petroleum 66 

Population — Character,  Nationality,  Foreign  Born 68-69 

Railroads    68 

State   Bankers'   Association 49 

Stone    66 

Sugar  Beets — Wonderful  Development  Since  1899,  etc.  .  .   29-  34 
Tourists— Railroad  Trips  for 95-102 


112 


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